<p>Gooseneck, Isle of Man , is an acute uphill right-bend on the Snaefell Mountain Course used for the TT motorcycle races between the 25th and 26th Milestone racing road-side markers, on the 37+ mile circuitous-course, measured from the startline at the TT Grandstand.</p><br>
<p>It is situated on the Snaefell Mountain Road, designated A18, a main two-way thoughfare from Ramsey to Douglas with an adjacent side-road junction for the minor D28 Hibernia Road, in the parish of Maughold in the Isle of Man.</p><br>
<p>An historic location on the TT race course after the climb up from Ramsey demarking the end of the tree-line and start of the Mountain section with a height of 550 feet (168 metres) above sea level, the Gooseneck is a popular vantage point for the spectators and a traditional signalling point for TT riders&#39; intermediate race timings from their own back-up crews, one of a number of points around the course where the race machines slow enough to get a good look at the signal boards on the exit. For the same reason, the location has always been popular with professional photographers and film-crews.</p><br>
<p>The Gooseneck is surrounded by open moorland and uncultivated grazing land of Park Mooar, the Rhowin and North Barrule in the Northern Uplands in the Isle of Man.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gooseneck corner was part of the Highland Course and the Four Inch Course used for the Gordon Bennett Trial and Tourist Trophy car races held between 1904 and 1922. It is now part of the Snaefell Mountain Course used since 1911 for the TT and from 1923 for the Manx Grand Prix races.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Gooseneck is described as a good location for spectators to be very close to the bikes. Racers are at medium speed, yet can seem faster because the spectators can be so close.</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s also fun for visiting motorcyclists, as the traffic flow is restricted during the race season to be one-way, and there is no speed limit through the Gooseneck and some other locations, while elsewhere there is "intensive police vigilance associated with extensive speed limit enforcement as part of an effort to control, or choreograph the riding behaviours of visitors."</p><br>
<p>The minor side road provides access during the racing from the coast-road leading from Ramsey towards Douglas, when the main course becomes closed for several hours of the racing days.</p><br>
<p>The Scales Mound Historic District is a historic district in the small Illinois village of Scales Mound. The district encompasses the entire corporate limit of the village and has more than 200 properties within its boundaries. The district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History and boundaries</h2><br>
<p>Scales Mound has always been a small, agricultural community and development of the village and the buildings in the historic district was closely tied to the arrival of the railroad. Most of the few commercial businesses in Scales Mound were concentrated around the railroad right-of-way. The Scales Mound Historic District is roughly bounded by the corporate limits of the village itself. The district includes the original 1854 limits of the village plus three additions to the village that were platted later.</p><br>
<h2>Properties</h2><br>
<h3>General</h3><br>
<p>Properties within the historic district include residential, commercial, civic, and a few industrial buildings. There is also one structure, a fire siren, that is considered a contributing resource to the district. There is a total of 290 properties within the boundaries of the Scales Mound Historic District; 185 of those are considered historic, and thus, contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Of those properties considered part of the district there are 89 houses, 52 garages, two barns, 15 commercial buildings, eight wash houses/sheds, seven churches, four privies. Only outbuildings of special interest were included in the district, others were ignored.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing</h3><br>
<p>The 105 non-contributing buildings include, 57 houses, 25 garages, 20 commercial buildings, three civic buildings and one apartment building. Some of the non-contributing buildings are 19th-century structures that have lost their integrity due to alterations. Some of these would be contributing if alterations, such as siding, were removed. Most of the non-contributing buildings in Scales Mound are less than 50 years old.</p><br>
<h2>Specific historic properties</h2><br>
<h3>Allan Warehouse</h3><br>
<p>The Allan Warehouse is located near the railroad tracks and is a wood-framed two story building with board and batten siding. The warehouse sits on a stone pier foundation and has large double hung sash windows with curved window hoods. It was constructed around 1864.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial buildings</h3><br>
<p>Scales Mound has always been, largely, an agricultural community. What little industry that did spring up in town has been concentrated on the railroad tracks&#39; south side. The more upscale commercial enterprises were always located along North Railroad Street. Through the years Scales Mound has been home to such businesses as: grain and produce warehouses, stock yards, lumber yards, a creamery, three hotels and a bank.</p><br>
<h3>Churches</h3><br>
<p>The 1883 United Methodist Church is built in rectangular plan and has a large spire on its front elevation. The building has a stone foundation and an attached parsonage. The windows are a Gothic style and feature stained glass. Scales Mound Holy Trinity Catholic Church has had two additions, the first altered the front facade c. 1915 and the second was a large rear addition in c. 1970. The building, a contributing property despite its alterations, is a gable-front design with a side tower. The church is of brick construction and has stained glass windows with curved window hoods. The First Presbyterian church is another example of a gable-front church in Scales Mound. It was built between 1875–90 and features an offset tower. Its foundation is of stone and rusticated block. It has Gothic style stained glass windows and was added onto the rear one time.</p><br>
<h3>Residential</h3><br>
<p>The majority of the houses in Scales Mound were constructed between 1880 and 1925 and most are painted white. The houses are mostly moderated-sized, one and one half to two story homes with spacious yards. Some houses have common alterations, which include the addition of shed dormers and various types of siding. Very few houses built after 1930 are present within the historic district, there are some but they are mostly concentrated in clusters.</p><br>
<h3>Public Square</h3><br>
<p>The Public Square is a city park that houses a pavilion and the village hall. It is located in the heart of the village&#39;s residential district. The Scales Mound Village Hall was built around 1875–90. It has a false front design and stands one and one half stories tall. It sits on a stone and concrete foundation and has an early-20th-century addition at the rear. The Scales Mound Village Hall is now available to rent for events.</p><br>
<p>Also in the public square is one of Scales Mounds&#39; many outbuildings. A gable roof shed within the park was declared neither contributing or non for the purpose of the historic district. The park has a pavilion/bandstand that was erected between c. 1900–25. It is of steel-frame construction, has a pyramidal roof and a concrete pier foundation. The pavilion was declared a contributing property to the district.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>There are a large number of extant, original outbuildings associated with the various houses in Scales Mound. Gable and hip roof garages are commonly found in the village. In addition there are several extant carriage houses and stables, privies, and barns still standing around town. The architectural survey undertaken in 1989 concurrent with the National Register nomination noted dozens of such outbuildings. Even then, there were a large number of outbuildings that were declared neither contributing or non-contributing properties and simply not documented.</p><br>
<h3>Rail Corridor</h3><br>
<p>Along the railroad tracks through Scales Mound are five properties, four of them historic in nature. There are two shed/pump houses, both dating from c. 1910–40. One is a gable roof building with a concrete foundation and the other has a flat roof and metal siding. A rectangular feed warehouse dating from c. 1915–20 is also located along the rail corridor. The one story, gable roof feed warehouse stands on a concrete pier foundation. A pyramidal roof garage/warehouse, built c. 1915–25, stands on concrete foundations near the tracks as well. Associated with the garage are bulk oil storage tanks and a pump shed constructed by Trachte Brothers Company of Madison, Wisconsin. The only one of the five buildings not considered contributing to the district is a c. 1949–50 rail loading platform of pole construction.</p><br>
<h3>William Allan House</h3><br>
<p>The William Allan House is located along North Railroad Street in the middle of the central business district in Scales Mound. The Allan House is an I-house of stone construction, built upon a stone foundation around 1859. The two story house has a rear addition and features double hung sash windows.</p><br>
<h3>William Allan Store</h3><br>
<p>The William Allan Store has long been one of the focuses of the Scales Mound central business district. It is located along North Railroad Street immediately adjacent the railroad tracks that pass through the village. The Allan Store stands next to the Allan House and is a two story gable-front structure. Wood-framed, like nearly all buildings in Scales Mound, the store is fronted by a two story porch with a pedimented roof. There is a fanlight in the gable front and a one story addition to the side of the structure. The William Allan Store was built around 1859.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Most of the residential architecture in Scales Mound is of traditional 19th-century forms: I-house, gable-front, cottages or T and L shaped plans. Homes from the early 20th century also adhere to traditional forms with American Foursquare style being prevalent. None of the houses in Scales Mound appear to be architect-designed and generally contain scaled down elements of Stick style, Eastlake and Queen Anne styles, often on the same house. The most ornamented and architecturally impressive houses are found on North Main Street and are classified as Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>Concrete construction is prevalent among the homes and buildings in Scales Mound. Adam Rittweger constructed numerous distinctive concrete porches, garages, and foundations between 1908 and his death in 1933. There are several surviving examples of poured concrete constructed buildings in Scales Mound including the 1923 one story electrical generating plant, and Lewis Richards 1911 restaurant. There is one surviving example in Scales Mound of a stucco clad and poured concrete construction combination, Louis Durrsteins implement dealership. It is presumed that Rittweger also introduced stucco finishes to Scales Mound between the late 1900s and early 1910s.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The district is interesting because of the large number of wood-framed outbuildings still remaining from the district&#39;s main period of significance (1855–1930). The district is also significant for the large number of mid-19th-century vernacular homes and commercial buildings which remain intact and retain a large amount of their architectural integrity. The buildings contribute to the understanding of the agricultural, social, and commercial history of late-19th-century and early-20th-century northern Illinois. Together the structures and their lots convey the feeling of a small and active pre-Great Depression farming community. The Scales Mound Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Gregory House is a historic hotel in central New London, Ohio, United States. Erected soon after a fire that devastated the community, it has occupied a significant place in the community since its construction, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>John Corey built the first cabin in present-day New London in 1816, and within a few years he was joined by several additional families. The village was incorporated in 1853 and grew rapidly, but its growth was checked by two major fires; the latter, which occurred on 17 November 1872, destroyed more than forty thousand dollars of property. One year later, village blacksmith Charles Gregory erected his namesake hotel, two-thirds for himself and one-third for local lawyer Albert Porter. Its height was taller than that of other Main Street buildings in the community.</p><br>
<p>Like many Ohio small-town hotels constructed in the years after the Civil War, the Gregory House was built of local materials and typifies the commercial vernacular architecture of the Firelands. Three stories tall with an irregular floor plan, the brick hotel rests on a stone foundation, and sandstone is employed for the coping, the lintels, and the keystones. In its earliest years, the hotel possessed a ten-bay facade with arched windows, topped with corbelling that formed a simple cornice, and display windows filled the first story.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the Gregory House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its important rôle in local history. It is one of seventeen Huron County locations on the Register, although the only one in New London.</p><br>
<p>Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada, located 54 km southwest of the Vuntut Gwichin community of Old Crow, from which a specimen of allegedly human-worked mammoth bone has been radiocarbon dated to 28,000 years before present , earlier than the generally accepted age for habitation of the New World.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>Bluefish Cave was initially known to the local First Nations, but was popularized by a fishing expedition in 1976, and later by researchers.This site is made up of three small caves, ranging from 10 to 30 m3. The first cave contain various animal bones that appeared to have been dragged there by predators, but findings of tool marks and some tools themselves point to a human presence.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated by archaeologist Jacques Cinq-Mars between 1977–87, and the initial radiocarbon dating suggested an age of 25,000 before present (BP). This was considered controversial as it was in contrast to the Clovis-First theory, widely accepted by academics at the time, which considered the earliest settlement date of North America to be around 13,000 BP. A review of the site in 2017 found it to be 24,000 years old, lending support to the "Beringian standstill" hypothesis - that the ancestors of Native Americans spent considerable time isolated in a Beringian refuge during the Last Glacial Maximum before populating the Americas.</p><br>
<p>Alamitos Bay is an inlet on the Pacific Ocean coast of southern California, United States, between the cities of Long Beach and Seal Beach, at the outlet of the San Gabriel River.</p><br>
<p>The bay is named for the Spanish word for little poplars.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Alamitos Bay is protected by both the natural sand spit Peninsula and the Long Beach Breakwater.</p><br>
<p>It is divided from the San Gabriel River and Seal Beach by a pair of jetties. The natural geography has been heavily altered by dredging and landfill subsequent to development.</p><br>
<h2>Venues</h2><br>
<p>Alimitos Bay contains Marine Stadium, created for Olympic rowing events.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Naples, a collection of three islands, is entirely within Alamitos Bay.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Methodist Church is a congregation and National Register property located at 57 Pitt St. The half-acre lot at the southwest corner of Pitt and Calhoun Streets was purchased by the Methodists in 1795 as a burial ground. However, they soon decided to construct a wooden church there called Bethel, and the original building was constructed in 1797–1798. In 1852 construction of the current Bethel Church began, and the existing wooden building was relocated to the rear of the lot. The original wood church was later given to a black congregation and moved again, across Calhoun St. to 222 Calhoun St., where it survives today as Old Bethel United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>The new Greek Revival building, designed by E. Curits, was dedicated on August 7, 1853, and cost $18,000. Inside were galleries supported by Doric columns, occupying one end and the two sides of the church. These were used for seating the black members. A modern pulpit platform and carpeted chancel were used instead of the high pulpit and sounding board design of older churches. An article dated August 19, 1853, said that a large window was directly behind the pulpit and was flanked by richly ornamented pilasters of the Corinthian order.</p><br>
<p>Following Reconstruction, a thorough renovation was undertaken in 1886. The fourteen-foot wide side galleries were removed and other work was in progress when the earthquake of August 31, 1886 made further repairs necessary. During the 1886–87 period, an alcove was added behind the chancel for a pipe organ, carpet and pew cushions put in, and the installation of stained glass windows enhanced the beauty of the edifice. The tin coved ceiling was placed in the building during repairs following the hurricane of 1893. The unusual stenciling was applied to the interior walls in the late Nineteenth Century and is renewed each time the building is painted.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Church was the only Methodist church in Charleston to remain open throughout the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Old Bethel United Methodist Church is located at 222 Calhoun St., Charleston, South Carolina. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally built at 55 Pitt St. at the corner with Calhoun St. in 1797-1798 for the Bethel Methodist Church congregation. After the congregation finished a new Greek Revival building in the mid-19th century, its existing building from 1797 was no longer needed. The 1797 building was moved to the current location in April 1882 after having been given to the black members of a nearby congregation.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally a plan meeting house with a simple rectangular plan. The portico with its four fluted columns was added after the building was moved to its present site. The columns have modified Corinthian-type capitals. The galleried interior is plainly finished.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Yōrō Mountains are a mountain range straddling the border between Gifu and Mie prefectures in Japan. They form part of the western border of the Nōbi Plain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Yōrō Mountains stretch approximately 10 km wide and 25 km long, with the primary direction of the mountains running from the south-southwest to the north-northeast. The highest peaks in the northern section of the mountains reach up to 900 m high, while peaks in the southern section only reach 400 m. The tallest mountain in the group is Mount Shō (笙ヶ岳 Shō-ga-dake), but the main peaks are Mount Yōrō in the north and Mount Tado (多度山 Tado-yama) in the south.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are a variety of beech and oak trees covering the Yōrō Mountains. Mount Shō has been declared a natural monument by the Japanese government because of its diverse plant life.</p><br>
<p>Major mammals on the mountains include the Japanese macaque and sika deer.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>On the Yōrō Line, between Mino-Yamazaki Station and Komano Station, on the side of Mt. Garyou, a Buddhist temple was built by Gyōki in 744 AD. It was originally called Temple of the Bodhisattva of Mt. Garyou. It was burned down in 1336 during a war, but was rebuilt in 1705 by the local Matsudaira nobility as their private temple and renamed Gyōkiji (Gyōki&#39;s Temple).</p><br>
<p>Near Yōrō town, on the side of Mount Yōrō is the Yōrō waterfall and a large park with two special parks for children. There is also a hiking path to the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Tado Shrine is located near the town of Tado. There are hiking paths to the top of Mount Tado. Tado-san is 403 meters tall.</p><br>
<p>Litchfield Villa, or "Grace Hill", is an Italianate mansion built in 1854 - 1857 on a large private estate that has since become part of Prospect Park, Brooklyn. It is located on Prospect Park West at 5th Street. The villa was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, America&#39;s leading architect of the fashionable Italianate style for railroad and real estate developer Edwin Clark Litchfield.</p><br>
<p>The structure is considered to be Davis&#39; greatest Italianate villa, and is currently the Brooklyn borough headquarters of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Davis also designed a coach house, greenhouse, and chicken house for the property, none of which is extant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>After years of neglect, an extensive renovation was funded by an anonymous descendent of the Litchfield family. The renovation, under the direction of architect Ralph Carmosino, was completed in 2008. The original stucco was removed from the house, and many of the interior details, including the elaborately painted ceiling murals, were lost.</p><br>
<p>Hyatt Reservoir is a reservoir in Jackson County, Oregon, United States, 14 mi east of Ashland. Impounded by Hyatt Dam, the water is used for irrigation and recreation. A local irrigation district built the dam in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Located at an elevation of 5,016 ft, the lake supports populations of bass, trout, and other species. The Bureau of Land Management oversees a large public recreation complex adjacent to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was created by the Hyatt Dam, constructed in 1923 by the local irrigation district to impound Keene Creek. It stands at the southern end of the reservoir, and was rehabilitated in 1960 by the current owner, the United States Bureau of Reclamation. The Talent Irrigation District operates the facility.</p><br>
<p>Water from Hyatt Reservoir, Little Hyatt Reservoir&mdash;further downstream on Keene Creek&mdash;and Howard Prairie Lake, a larger reservoir 3 mi to the east, is carried by the Ashland Lateral Canal to Emigrant Lake, a storage reservoir near Ashland.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) oversees a variety of camping sites at Hyatt Reservoir. The complex can accommodate tent camping for people who arrive by car, horse, or recreational vehicle, or who arrive on foot, some following the Pacific Crest Trail, which passes by the lake. The main campground has flush toilets, hot showers, two boat ramps, a group shelter, a softball field and other amenities. Activities include boating, swimming, fishing, basketball, volleyball, horseshoes, and wildlife watching. The BLM charges fees for use of the sites, which are open from late April through October. In the off-season winter months, the sites may be used without charge, but water and other amenities are not available. Winter activities in the area include cross-country skiing and snowmobiling on marked trails. Private commercial resorts are also located near the lake.</p><br>
<p>Hyatt Reservoir is stocked each year with about 250,000 young rainbow trout, some of which eventually reach 20 in in length in the lake&#39;s favorable conditions. Sport fishing for largemouth bass is also common, and the lake supports populations of crappie, bluegill, and other fish.</p><br>
<p>Wallface Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named after the cliff on its southeastern side.</p><br>
<p>Wallface is flanked to the west by MacNaughton Mountain, and faces Mount Marshall to the southeast across Indian Pass.</p><br>
<p>The southeast and west sides of Wallface Mountain drain into the southern Indian Pass Brook, thence into Henderson Lake, the source of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.</p><br>
<p>The northern slopes of Wallface Mountain drain into the northern Indian Pass Brook, thence into the West Branch of the Ausable River, into Lake Champlain, thence into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>Wallface Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of New York&#39;s Adirondack Park.</p><br>
<p>The Paul Cuffe Farm is a National Historic Landmark on 1504 Drift Road in Westport, Massachusetts. The house was traditionally believed to be owned by Paul Cuffe , a prominent farmer and merchant of African American and Native American ancestry. Cuffe was active in promoting the idea of returning African Americans to Africa, making a voyage to what is now Sierra Leone in 1811 to support a fledgling colony there. The farm was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The farmstead is located in rural southern Westport, on the western bank of the East Branch Westport River. It is reached from Drift Road by a long drive, and is set in a landscaped clearing overlooking the river. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, resting on a granite foundation, with two interior brick chimneys rising from the gabled roof. Construction of the house is estimated to have been around 1780, based on architectural analysis of its chimneys. The property also has evidence of wooden-pile wharves of similar antiquity, and submerged granite blocks which suggest a stone pier may have once been located there.</p><br>
<p>Although the house was believed to belong to Paul Cuffe at the time of its National Historic Landmark designation in 1974, subsequent research by local historians has cast doubt on this attribution. Although Cuffe was known to own land in this area, and may have used the wharves on this property in his merchant business, the documented ownership history of this parcel does not include him. Between 1748 and 1884 the property was under the continuous ownership of members of the Tripp family. It is possible that Cuffe&#39;s son-in-law lived here briefly.</p><br>
<p>Paul Cuffe (1759-1815) was born to an African father and a Wampanoag mother on Cuttyhunk Island. From poor beginnings, he went to sea, rising to become a ship&#39;s captain and then owner. His work promoting efforts to resettle former slaves to Africa brought him an international reputation, including contact with high profile Americans such as Albert Gallatin and James Madison. Cuffe was also active in the promotion of civil rights in his native Massachusetts, petitioning the state for tax relief because he was not allowed to vote.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Fiske Stoughton House is a National Historic Landmark house at 90 Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Henry Hobson Richardson designed the house in 1882 in what is now called the Shingle Style, with a minimum of ornament and shingles stretching over the buildings irregular volumes like a skin. The house drew immediate notice in the architectural community, and was a significant influence in the growth in popularity of the Shingle style in the late 19th century. Richardsons masterful use of space in its design also foreshadowed the work of major 20th century architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership history</h2><br>
<p>In 1882 Mary Fiske Stoughton, the widow of Edwin W. Stoughton, commissioned the construction of a house in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to be nearer her son, John Fiske, a philosopher and historian who made his home there. Stoughton commissioned the house from the well-known architect Henry Hobson Richardson, and the building was completed in 1883. Fiske made major alterations in 1900: expanding the kitchen wing westward, and the whole rear of the house southward. A 1925 alteration created a new kitchen as a projecting bay to the front facade, and a 3rd story was added to the east facade&#39;s bay window. Sometime after 1969, the kitchen wing was altered again, with the 1900 and 1925 kitchens merged and converted into a garage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As designed by Richardson, the house was a two story L-shaped wood frame structure, with its main entrance to the left of a recessed porch facing Brattle Street. A side entrance is on the east side of the house, facing Ash Street. The exterior, in a departure from Victorian forms featuring sometimes extensive and elaborate decorative sawn woodwork, is restrained, with most surfaces covered with wooden shingles. The entry leads into a central hall at the crook of the L, which includes a sweeping semicircular staircase leading to the upper floors. From this hall access is gained to most of the public rooms on the ground floor, including a drawing room, music room, study, and dining room. The dining room is to the right of the entrance, with access to the formerly-recessed porch, which has been glassed in. Beyond the dining room to the right is the service wing, including the kitchen and laundry, later converted into a garage, and then again merged into the house proper. Behind the dining room, now filling in the crook of the L, is a conservatory.</p><br>
<p>The left side and center of the second floor are occupied by bedrooms and bathrooms, and the wing to the right is taken up by Fiske&#39;s large library. Servant bedrooms are in the attic space above. A third floor addition on the east side of the house has a small apartment with modern facilities.</p><br>
<p>The property was, according to older photographs, curbed by a low wall on its street-facing sides. This has been replaced with a higher brick wall, obscuring much of the view of the house. A brick-paved carport is located on the right side of the property, in front of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>Soon after its completion, art critic George William Sheldon wrote, "few cottages of equal dimensions were ever planned, in this country or abroad, which show better results in point of convenience, spaciousness, and architectural purity." In 1982 century, architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock wrote, "This is one of his most successful works and is, perhaps, the best suburban wooden house in America. It is comparable only to the finest of Frank Lloyd Wrights."</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Vincent Scully observed that Richardsons use of space in the houses design is a clear forerunner of the work of Wright, comparing adjacent houses in Buffalo, New York, one a virtual replica of this house, built in 1897, the other a Wright design built in 1905: "Both are classically coherent forms, but the Wright house obeys a more inexorable architectural discipline than does the Richardson House."</p><br>
<p>The Crane and Company Old Stone Mill Rag Room is one of the oldest surviving buildings  of Crane & Co., one of the oldest papermaking businesses in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. It is located in southwestern Dalton, on a site where paper has been manufactured since the early 19th century. The building, originally used for processing rags, has housed the Crane Museum of Papermaking since 1930, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Zenas Crane began making paper in Dalton in 1801, taking full ownership of an established operation at the Rag Room site in 1822. In the mid-1840s his sons constructed the Old Stone Mill, of which the Rag Room is the only surviving portion. The Rag Room is where Cranes grandson Winthrop Murray Crane learned the business; through his efforts Crane secured a monopoly contract to provide paper for the nations currency, which it still holds today.</p><br>
<p>The Rag Room is a gray fieldstone building with a slate roof. Its interior is a large open space that houses exhibits and artifacts of the company&#39;s history. It is open to the public at no charge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Zenas Crane (1777–1845) was educated in the processes of paper manufacturing in a mill owned by his brother Stephen in Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts. After a stint at another paper mill in Worcester, Crane traveled west into Berkshire County in 1799, looking for potential papermaking sites. He found a highly desirable site in Dalton, but the owner, a local farmer, was unwilling to part with it. Crane instead established his business on a nearby parcel in 1801. Other papermakers followed over the next ten years, notably Henry Wiswell and David Carson, who acquired the more desirable site and established what became known as the Red Mill. Through a series of partnership and purchase transactions, Crane eventually acquired control of the Red Mill, taking full ownership in 1822.</p><br>
<p>In 1842 Zenas Crane retired, leaving control of the Red Mill to his sons Zenas Marshall Crane and James Brewer Crane. They founded Crane & Co., and set about expanding the business, beginning construction of what became known as the Stone Mill. The Rag Room was part of this construction effort, and was built in 1844. In 1869 the Stone Mill was damaged by fire; while it was being repaired in 1870 the Red Mill was destroyed by fire. The Stone Mill was then expanded, and also became known as the Pioneer Mill. The Stone Mill was used by the firm until the 1890s, when most of it was demolished, leaving only the Rag Room.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the company adapted the Rag Room for use as the company museum, a role it has filled since. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 2005 it became part of the listed Cranesville Historic District, which includes, among other properties, the 1816 home of Zenas Crane.</p><br>
<p>The Rag Room was where Zenas Marshall Cranes son, Winthrop Murray Crane (1853–1920), began his career in the papermaking business. In 1878 he was responsible for acquiring Crane & Co.s exclusive government contract to manufacture the paper used in the currency of the United States. In addition to running Crane & Co. during the late 19th century, Murray Crane served as Governor of Massachusetts and United States Senator, and played an influential role in Republican Party politics.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rag Room is a single-room single-story gray fieldstone building. It is three window bays wide and seven long, featuring stepped gable ends and a slate roof. It originally stood at the southwest part of the Stone Mill complex, and its north end was where it connected to the larger mill buildings. The building was where rags arriving at the mill were processed at the start of the papermaking operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the northern facade was given a proper entranceway with transomed doors and Doric columns below a frieze identifying the building as the Crane Museum. Above this doorway a circular window was also added. The slate roof and its support beams were also replaced in 1930, but without altering the exterior lines of the building. A late 19th century brick addition to the east side of the building (not a part of the landmark designation) is screened from view by plantings. The interior of the building is a single large space in which artifacts from the company&#39;s history are displayed. Displays include tools used by Zenas Crane and a replica of the early vat process equipment used to make paper.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open weekday afternoons from June to October; there is no charge.</p><br>
<p>North Star Bay , also known as Thule Harbor and Wolstenholme Bay, is a bay off the mouth of Wolstenholme Fjord, Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The bay is named after HMS North Star. Thule Air Base is located at the edge of the bay. There are two large islands in the bay, Saunders Island and Wolstenholme Island. The channel to the south, between Saunders Island and the mainland is known as Bylot Sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The abandoned Inuit settlements of Narsaarsuk and Pituffik were located at the edge of the bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1849 under Commander James Saunders the North Star sailed to the Arctic in the spring on an expedition to search and resupply Captain Sir James Clark Ross venture, who in turn had sailed in 1848 trying to locate the whereabouts of Sir John Franklins expedition.</p><br>
<p>Failing to find Franklin or Ross, Saunderss mission aboard North Star consisted in depositing stores along several named areas of the Canadian Arctic coast and returning to England before the onset of winter. However, James Saunderss ship progress northwards was hindered by ice in Melville Bay and the ship became trapped by ice off the coast of NW Greenland in North Star Bay. A paper left by Saunders in a cairn reads thus:</p><br>
<p>During the winter 1849–50 Saunders named numerous landmarks in that area while wintering in the frozen bay.</p><br>
<p>The bay was the site of a Cold War nuclear accident when a B-52 bomber carrying four thermonuclear bombs crashed, spreading contaminated material over the area.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Register Cliff is a sandstone cliff and featured key navigational landmark prominently listed in the 19th century guidebooks about the Oregon Trail, and a place where many emigrants chiseled the names of their families on the soft stones of the cliff it was one of the key checkpoint landmarks for parties heading west along the Platte River valley west of Fort John, Wyoming which allowed travelers to verify they were on the correct path up to South Pass and not moving into impassable mountain terrainsgeographically, it is on the eastern ascent of the Continental divide leading upward out of the great plains in the east of the USA state of Wyoming. It is notable as a historic landmark for registering hundreds of emigrants on the Oregon Trail  who came to follow custom and inscribed their names on its rocks during the western migrations of the 19th century. An estimated 500,000 emigrants used these trails from 1843–1869, with up to one-tenth dying along the way, usually due to disease.</p><br>
<p>Register Cliff is the easternmost of the three prominent emigrant "recording areas" located within Wyoming, the other two being Independence Rock and Names Hill.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>According to its nomination, the site was where emigrants would camp on their first night west of Fort Laramie. The property was donated by Henry Frederick to the state of Wyoming, to be preserved.</p><br>
<p>Teuri Island is an island of the western coast of Hokkaidō, Japan in the Sea of Japan. It covers 5.5 km&sup2;. The island, along with neighboring Yagishiri Island, belongs to the town of Haboro in Tomamae District in Rumoi Subprefecture. Teuri Island has seen a long-term population decline: in 1947 there were 2,051 residents, by 1972 the number had fallen to 1,030, and in 2010 the population was 366.</p><br>
<p>Teuri Island is located 3.5 km west of Yagashiri, and the two islands are separated by the Musashi Channel. The Teuritō Lighthouse is located to the north of the island. The southwest of Teuri Island reaches an altitude of 184.5 m, and is noted for its continuous marine cliffs. The island became a base for the fishing of Pacific herring beginning in 1786.</p><br>
<p>Teuri Island is a sanctuary for nesting seabirds, notably the common murre and the black-tailed gull, and is part of Shokanbetsu-Teuri-Yagishiri Quasi-National Park. There are four viewing platforms built on the island to observe various species of birds.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Depot in Marseilles, Illinois is a historic train station built in 1917. It was in operation as a rail depot until 1974. The depot was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marseilles Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Depot was constructed in 1917 after citizens in the city won a 40-year battle with the railroad and a USA circuit court ordered a new station be built. The 1917 station replaced a smaller, wooden station built in 1867. The station was in operation until 1974 and was sold to a private business owner in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The depot is about 90 ft by 25 ft and built on a rectangular plan. It has two center bays, on either side of the building, one of which functioned as a ticket office. The structure was designed and built by T. S. Peak, a Chicago builder and cast in the American Craftsman architectural style. Despite having undergone extensive interior remodeling the building retains a high degree of its exterior architectural integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The depot was a locally significant transportation hub which facilitated the shipment of people and goods to and from Marseilles along the Rock Island and LaSalle Line, which became the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The railroad, which parallels the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Chicago to Peru, brought an end to passenger service along the canal due to its success. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Depot in Marseilles was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Aydingkol, Aydingkul  or Ayding is a lake in the Turpan Depression, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PR China. At 154 m below sea level, it is the lowest point in China, and also lower than anywhere on Earth outside the countries of Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria, and Djibouti. This lake is now totally dried, and very muddy and salty.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times, Ayding Lake was known as juéluòwǎn (觉洛浣). The Uyghur derived name Aydingköl means "moon lake", due to the lake having a layer of white salt along its edge, giving the appearance of a shining moon.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located in the south hinterland of the Turpan Depression, approximately 35 kilometres away from the city of Turpan. From east to west, the lake spans 40 kilometres; the north-south span is 8 kilometres; and the total area of the lake is 200 square kilometres. The lake was formed from the formation of an orogeny of the Himalayas 249 million years ago, and once held approximately 5 million square kilometres of inland sea, which at one time surged up and became vastly extended. During the winter of 1948, the lake basin was once filled with freshwater, which primarily originated from melted snow water from the mountains, as well as supplementary groundwater; owing to the lesser use of water to irrigate cultivated land during the winter, the water level was higher. During the summertime, the water level declined as a result of increased use of irrigation water for farming, as well as significant natural evaporation. Due to the expansion of farming in the region, the population using water from the lake subsequently increased, and by 1958 the lake only held up to 22 square kilometres, with a water depth of about 0.8 metres. As of 2000, except for the southwest region, little lakewater remained, and the entire lake area has become a saltpan, with the centre of the lake holding silt swamps, and no longer holds any native birds. During times of intense sunshine, mirages can often be seen.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays, Ayding Lake has a salt mill, which uses the region&#39;s alum salt crystals and saltpeter raw materials to manufacture chemical products. Scenic tours also run near the lake.</p><br>
<p>On 24 July 2015, a new China-wide high temperature record was set at a meteorological station near Aydingkol, with a temperature of 50.3 °C (122.5 °F).</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Arts Center of Leavenworth, Kansas an historic building in namesake city. It was originally the Leavenworth Public Library. Constructed in 1900 with funds donated by Andrew Carnegie, the two-story brick and limestone building was the first Carnegie Library in Kansas and is listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>From 1902 to 1987, the building housed the Leavenworth Public Library. From 1987 to 2012, the Carnegie Arts Center was housed in this building. It was a nonprofit organization which taught visual arts, painting, art history, music, dance, pottery and drama in the Leavenworth community for 25 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 upon the disbanding of the nonprofit organization, ownership of the building was reverted to the city of Leavenworth, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow House is a historic house at 72-80 Ober Road in the Oak Hill village of Newton, Massachusetts. Built in 1887, it is one of the last private residences designed by noted American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. It was converted into condominiums in the 1980s by the PBS program This Old House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bigelow House is located high on Oak Hill, from which the Newton neighborhood takes its name. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a rambling structure organized roughly around a central courtyard. It is in the Shingle style, with a combination of roof types. A small turret with conical roof projects from the buildings southwest corner. The main section of the house is on the east side of the courtyard, with the southern wing primarily servants quarters and facilities, and the carriage house to the north.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, and was one of the famous architect&#39;s last residential commissions before his death in 1886. The house was built for Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow, a prominent Boston surgeon best known for his role in organizing the 1846 demonstration of ether as an anesthetic, but also important for developing surgical techniques for correcting dislocated hips.</p><br>
<p>His house was during the 20th century converted into a dormitory space for the New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children, whose main facility was built adjacent to the house. By the 1970s the property was owned by the city of Newton and in deteriorating condition. It was restored and divided into five condominium units in the 1980s by the PBS television series This Old House. Some of the original features, including a circular tower, have been preserved. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places at 742 Dedham Street.</p><br>
<p>Camp Springs House, also known as Camp Springs Inn, is a historic property located on Four Mile Road in Camp Springs, Kentucky, a rural area of Campbell County, Kentucky. Originally built as a stage coach stop and inn, the stone building was constructed as part of a settlement built by German immigrants in the mid-19th century. The structure was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Camp Springs House was built in the 1860s for William Uthe by the Ort brothers. It is built of rubble limestone from the creek and surrounding land. It took about 4 years to build. It served as a stagecoach stop, tavern and inn. At one time it also served as a post office for the community. Over the years it has been a gathering place for the community. The 2nd floor once had a dance hall and card room. It was also popular for its beer garden and horseshoe tournaments. In the 1900s there was a ball field, restaurant/bar and pool hall.</p><br>
<p>The Gardner–Pingree House is a historic house museum at 128 Essex Street in Salem, Massachusetts. It is judged to be a masterpiece of Federal architecture by the noted Salem builder Samuel McIntire, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972 for its architectural significance. It is owned by the Peabody Essex Museum as part of its architectural collection, and is open to the public for guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a three story brick structure, rectangular in shape, with a three-story ell extending the rear. The brick is laid in Flemish bond, and the trim is white marble. The roof is surrounded by a low balustrade above a modillioned cornice, and is pierced by two interior brick chimneys. There are marble trim bands separating the floors, and the third floor windows are shortened. All windows have black shutters, and are topped by lintels with a keystone. The main entrance is sheltered by an elliptical portico supported by four Corinthian columns. The doorway is framed by sidelight windows and an elliptical fanlight, with pilasters rising to the base of the portico top. The house interior features lavishly-carved woodwork in the public spaces on the first floor, including fireplace mantels, cornices, internal window shutters, and the stairway balustrades.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1804 by Samuel McIntire in a Federal style for John and Sarah (West) Gardner. John bought the lot from his father (John Gardner, Sr) whose cousin (John Gardner III) was the grandfather of John Lowell Gardner I. John and Sarah sold the house to her brother, Nathaniel West, to cover shipping losses related to events leading up to the War of 1812. The house was sold, in 1814, to Capt. Joseph White. David Pingree bought the house in 1834. In 1933 descendants of David Pingree gave the house to the Essex Institute, which merged with the Peabody Museum of Salem to form the Peabody Essex Museum.</p><br>
<p>The house was the site of the notorious 1830 murder of Capt. Joseph White, whose death prompted a famous trial prosecuted by Daniel Webster. The trial inspired Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne.</p><br>
<p>The house was one of the filming locations for the 1979 Merchant Ivory film adaptation of Henry James&#39; novel The Europeans.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and is a contributing property to both the Essex Institute Historic District and the Salem Common Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The John B. Gough House, also known as Hillside, is a National Historic Landmark at 215 Main Street in Boylston, Massachusetts. It is significant as the home of temperance orator John B. Gough, and as an excellent example of Italianate architecture. Gough was born in England and came to the United States as a child. After the death of his mother in 1835, his life descended into alcoholism, until he took a temperance pledge in 1842. In 1846 he married Mary Whitcombe, a Boylston native, and in 1848 built this two story farmhouse, which is where he lived until his death in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The house is roughly square in plan, with three bays on each side, and is topped by a flat roof with a square belvedere on top. It has wide overhanging eaves studded with brackets, and a wide porch spans the width of the front. Additions have been added onto the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>Geeorge F Fuller, president of the Wyman-Gordon Co. purchased the John B Gough Farm in March 1930. He also purchased the Bancroft Farm and the Anderson Farm as well. This was part of the New England Power Construction Company purchase. Worcester Daily Telegram March 1930.</p><br>
<p>After Gough&#39;s death, the house was purchased by William J. Hogg, owner of the Worcester-based Crompton Carpet Company. For much of the 20th century the estate served as the campus of the Shepherd Knapp School, and in the 1980s the property was acquired by Digital Equipment Corporation and used as a training facility. It is now in under the control of the Boylston Historical Society, which is working to restore the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>A photo of the house appears on page 491 of the 1899 book.</p><br>
<p>Lowell&#39;s Boat Shop  is a National Historic Landmark at 459 Main Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The shop was built in 1793 by Simeon Lowell. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Located on the banks of the Merrimack River, Lowell’s Boat Shop is considered to be the birthplace of the legendary New England fishing dory, originated by Simeon Lowell. His grandson, Hiram, further developed the dory into the simplified Banks dory design that became a mainstay of New Englands fishing fleets. An historian remarked, "A Lowells dory to a fisherman was like a hammer to a carpenter". Hiram also created a seminal form of assembly line production that made Lowells the worlds preeminent dory manufacturer of its day. It is said to have greatly influenced Henry Fords mass production processes. Within the boat shops buildings remain such interesting historic features as ancient ship&#39;s knees, heavily worn floorboards and two centuries of accumulated paint coat the floors. The oldest buildings remaining on the site are combined Greek Revival structures that were built in the 1860s. A cross-beam features annual production figures, branded into the wood from 1897 through 1919, reveal that 2,029 boats were built here, by hand, in the single year of 1911. Lowell’s Boat Shop is also a rare survivor of the many various industries for which the Merrimack River Valley region was known. From George Washington to Barack Obama, LBS has remained in operation through every US presidency on property purchased by founder, Simeon Lowell, in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Today, Lowells Boat Shop is a working boat shop and living museum. The shop continues to build dories and skiffs in the tradition of the seven generations of the Lowell family. Its rich history is conveyed through boat building classes, model dory classes, apprenticeships, onsite programs for scouts, local schools and at-risk youth. Because the cost of building wooden boats provides little profit margin, Lowells Maritime Foundation continues to find creative ways to augment income. Volunteers, mentored by the boat builders, manage the onsite production of a variety of wood based products that are made from wood that might otherwise be considered scrap. Lowells Boat Shop actively encourages boat building, tourism and maritime fine arts with affiliations with a variety of government agencies and non-profit organizations. During the boating season, members are able to row Lowells line of dories and skiffs as a part of the Members Open Waterfront Program. The Boat Shop is fully accessible to the handicapped and guided tours are offered by appointment.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Lowells Boat Shop was chosen to participate in an for Americas last extant whale ship, the Charles Charles W. Morgan. A group of local high school apprentices have assisted in the construction of an historically accurate Beetle-design whaleboat replica, which will accompany the Charles W. Morgan when her restoration is complete.</p><br>
<p>The Ellen H. Swallow Richards House is a National Historic Landmark house at 32 Eliot Street in Jamaica Plain, a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It was the home of Ellen Swallow Richards  from 1876  until her death. Richards was the first woman to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was its first female instructor. She introduced revolutionary ideas about home sanitation, and conducted pioneering work  that led to the establishment of the field of home economics. The house itself was regularly altered as a consequence of her research, and was used by Richards as a consumer product testing laboratory. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Richards house is, from its exterior, a fairly typical two story Italianate house. It stands at the corner of Eliot and Dane Streets on a generously-sized lot. The house is three bays wide and two deep, with an ell extending along most of the width of its rear. It is clad in clapboards, and has a low-pitched hip roof with a small gable above the main entrance, and a hip-roof dormer in the rear. The eaves are decorated with sawn brackets. The windows on the street-facing facades are treated with decorated surrounds, and there are projecting polygonal bays on the side facades.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house, in particular the kitchen in the rear ell, was extensively modified by the Richardses after they moved in in 1876. The most significant changes affected the plumbing and air circulation within the house. The house water was supplied by a well, and Richards ensured that the drainage around the house would not direct wastewater toward it. Pipes in the house were regularly modernized, including the introduction of traps to prevent mixing of fresh and waste water. Lead pipes were replaced because of the known risk of lead poisoning.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the introduction of electricity to the area, the house was lit by gas and heated by coal. To reduce health concerns caused by fumes from these sources, Richards made modifications to improve air circulation. Windows were replaced with ones that could open either upward or downward, so that warmer (polluted) air might escape through the upper opening. Holes were cut in walls an ceilings above lights and heating fixtures to facilitate the removal of combustion byproducts. A master vent was installed at the attic level, and a mechanical ventilation system was installed. A range hood was installed over the stove in the kitchen. As soon as electricity was available in the neighborhood, the Richardses had the house electrified, removing many sources of combustion. They were also among the first in the area to have a telephone.</p><br>
<p>Richards used her own domestic processes to perform experiments and improve efficiency. The gas meter in the house was placed in the kitchen, where she could observe consumption with different cooking methods. All manner of home gadgetry was subjected to testing, either by Richards or by students who boarded with the family, testing for efficiency and effectiveness for intended tasks. These experiments, in conjunction with laboratory work performed while she worked at MIT&#39;s Sanitary Chemistry Laboratory, led to the discipline now known as home economics. Her other work at that lab led to improvements in areas as diverse as wastewater engineering and the proper ventilation of industrial spaces to avoid fires.</p><br>
<p>The Richards house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, in recognition for Ellen Swallow Richards&#39; many accomplishments. The house is also a contributing resources to the Monument Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The National Churchill Museum , located on the Westminster College campus in Fulton, Missouri, United States, commemorates the life and times of Sir Winston Churchill. In 1946, Winston Churchill delivered his famous "Sinews of Peace" address in the Westminster Historic Gymnasium. In it was the line: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." This sentence caused the oration to become known as the "Iron Curtain" speech. "Sinews of Peace" heralded the beginning of the Cold War.</p><br>
<p>The National Churchill Museum comprises three distinct but related elements: the Church of St Mary Aldermanbury, the museum, and the "Breakthrough" sculpture.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The central element of the National Churchill Museum is the Church of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, a 16th-century church moved stone-by-stone to Fulton from the City of London. Today, the church looks much as it did in 1677—carefully restored to recreate the building that architect Christopher Wren designed after the Great Fire of London destroyed the original 12th-century church.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the church is the Churchill museum, renovated in 2006. Through interactive new exhibits, the museum tells Churchill&#39;s story, discussing his personal and political life and his legacy. Additionally, the Clementine-Spencer Churchill Reading Room houses an extensive research collection about Churchill and his era.</p><br>
<p>Outside the church stands the "Breakthrough" sculpture, formed from eight sections of the Berlin Wall. Churchill&#39;s granddaughter, artist Edwina Sandys, designed the sculpture in order to commemorate both the "Sinews of Peace" speech and the fall of the Berlin Wall.</p><br>
<h2>The "Sinews of Peace": Putting Fulton on the Map</h2><br>
<p>In 1946, Winston Churchill travelled to Westminster College in order to deliver his famous "Sinews of Peace" address as a part of the Green Lecture series. An extraordinary confluence of circumstances conspired to bring Winston Churchill to Westminster. At the time, the College had a unique connection to USA President Harry S. Trumans administration—Major General Harry Vaughan, a graduate of Westminster College. College president Franc McCluer asked Vaughan to see what President Truman could do to induce Churchill to come to Westminster. President Truman thought the idea of bringing Churchill to Missouri (Trumans native state) was a wonderful idea. On the bottom of Churchill&#39;s invitation from Westminster College Truman wrote: "This is a wonderful school in my home state. Hope you can do it. I will introduce you." So it was that two world leaders, Winston Churchill and President Harry Truman, descended onto the little campus of Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Churchill arrived on the Westminster College campus on March 5, 1946 and delivered his address. Churchill&#39;s "Sinews of Peace" delineated the complications and tensions of that moment in world history—less than a year after World War II and at the dawn of the Cold War. Churchill had been watching the Soviet Union with increasing concern. Churchill noted the tensions mounting between Eastern and Western Europe. "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic," he said, "an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the continent." Churchill then predicted what he called the formation of the "Soviet sphere."</p><br>
<p>In order to counterbalance the mounting power of the Soviet Union, Churchill called for a "fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples." Churchill hoped the United States and Britain would work together towards the "permanent prevention of war" and "establish conditions of freedom and democracy" all over the globe. The cooperation of these two nations, he hoped, would create the "sinews of peace." He went on to encourage the leaders of both the United States and Britain to begin peace-talks with the Soviet Union. Churchill feared the outbreak of a new world war, especially in light of the development of nuclear weapons. "Now war can find any nation, wherever it may dwell between dusk and dawn," he warned. Churchill knew all too well the devastation conventional bombs had wreaked on Britain during The Blitz—a similar campaign waged with nuclear weapons would be too horrible to imagine.</p><br>
<p>Reactions to the "Sinews of Peace" were mixed; some were suspicious of Churchills proposed alliance between the United States and Britain and accused Churchill of warmongering. Others were provoked by Churchills claim that "there never was a war in history easier to prevent by timely action than the one which has just desolated such great areas of the globe." "It could have been prevented in my opinion without firing a shot…," he continued, "but no one would listen and one by one we were all sucked into the awful whirlpool…."</p><br>
<p>Others lauded the speech for its prophetic qualities—particularly Churchills anticipation of the formation of the Soviet Bloc—a view shared by many modern-day historians. Churchill predicted the Cold War, sounded its early warning, and defined the central problems that would occupy the leaders that followed him. As a result, the "Sinews of Peace" is widely regarded as Churchills most famous peace-time address.President Harry Truman predicted that Churchill&#39;s address would put both Fulton and Westminster College on the map—he was right.</p><br>
<p>Today, visitors to the museum may view filmed selections of the speech. The podium and chair that Churchill used are on display in the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Churchill's Living Memorial: St. Mary, Aldermanbury</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1961, Westminster College President Dr. Robert L. D. Davidson began formulating a plan to commemorate both Winston Churchill&#39;s life and the "Sinews of Peace." A LIFE magazine feature on war-ravaged, soon-to-be-demolished Christopher Wren churches in London prompted the suggestion to import one of the churches to serve as both a memorial and the College chapel. After further investigation, college officials selected St. Mary, Aldermanbury as the church to be saved.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary, Aldermanbury was not only an ideal choice because of its relatively small size, but also because of its unique and nearly 1,000 year history. St. Mary&#39;s was a focal-point of religious life in the Old City of London, serving as a place of worship for literary greats William Shakespeare and John Milton.</p><br>
<p>With so much of London in ruins, reconstruction of the many churches destroyed in the fire was of secondary importance—many would never be rebuilt. However, St. Mary, Aldermanbury became the ninth church restored, placing it among the earliest. With approval for rebuilding granted in 1670, famed architect Christopher Wren began renovating the church in 1672 with the removal of 1,068 cubic yards of rubble. Wren rebuilt the church on part of the old foundation with as much original stones as could be salvaged—saving both time and money. By 1677, the work was essentially complete; the cupola was added to the tower in 1679.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary, Aldermanburys location near the heart of London again proved dangerous during World War II at the height of the Blitz. On Sunday evening, December 29, 1940, the German Luftwaffe mounted a massive air raid, dropping 20,000 incendiary bombs on London. Luftwaffe command planned the raid to coincide with low tide to impede fire fighting. It worked. The shortage of water and the scale of the attack forced firemen to let parts of the city burn. At 6:45 pm, St. Marys suffered a direct hit by an incendiary bomb, quickly setting the church ablaze. Noel Mander, a young fire warden, later recorded his observations:</p><br>
<p>"We couldn’t do anything because the water mains had all been fractured, and the river was so low, record low, they couldn’t suck water up from there. They could do little, very little…. I saw that night St. Mary, Aldermanbury; St. Vedast-alias-Foster, my own church—I saw them all burn, and it was a sensation that I will never forget—hearing the bells fall down the tower, hearing the organs burn, because the hot air blowing through the organ pipes almost sounded as if the poor old organs were shrieking in agony in their destruction."</p><br>
<p>That night, thirteen Christopher Wren churches shared St. Mary&#39;s fate. By morning, only its blackened shell and tower stood—the roof, the interior, and all furnishings destroyed.</p><br>
<p>In the wars aftermath, there were neither the funds nor the need to rebuild all of Londons destroyed churches. After standing as a ruin for twenty years, St. Mary, Aldermanbury joined the list of parish churches slated for demolition.</p><br>
<p>It was at this point that Westminster College stepped in to save the church from destruction and to reconstruct it in order to honor one of Britains most famous citizens—Winston Churchill. Churchills inspiration for the British people during the Blitz made the reconstruction of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, itself a victim of the Blitz, a fitting memorial to the man. "I am honored…," Churchill said.…."</p><br>
<p>It took four years to finalize preparations for the project, and to raise the necessary $2 million (more than $10 million today) to make the move a reality. Actor Richard Burton was a major promoter and donor, appearing on The Tonight Show with Jack Paar on NBC, who made a direct appeal. In 1965, the removal process began. Workers carefully labeled each of the 7,000 stones, noting their location in the church. More than 700 tons of blocks were shipped to Fulton via boat and rail. In the moving process, the carefully ordered stones became scrambled. Builders in Fulton faced a jigsaw puzzle that spread over an acre.</p><br>
<p>With a collection of the churchs outer stones piled beside him, President Truman arrived in Fulton to turn the symbolic first shovel for the reconstruction on April 19, 1964, before a crowd of 10,000 on-lookers. Fittingly, former Westminster President Franc McCluer and the other living members of the 1946 platform party joined in the ceremonies. Other attendees included former British Ambassador W. Averell Harriman, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Mary Soames (Churchills youngest daughter), British Ambassador John Freeman, and former Missouri Governor John M. Dalton, who headed the committee responsible for raising funds for the Memorial.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone was laid in October 1966, 300 years after the Great Fire of London, and by May 1967, the last stone was in place. However, the project was far from complete. A meticulous re-creation of the churchs interior required another two years of work. English woodcarvers, working from pre-war photographs, created carvings for the pulpit, baptismal font, and balcony. Blenko Glass Company, an American firm, manufactured the glass for the windows and a Dutch firm cast five new bronze bells for the tower. Noel Mander, the fire warden who watched St. Marys burn in 1940, built the organ and helped assure authenticity of the interior details. There are only two departures from the Wren design: an organ gallery in the west wall and a window in the tower to illuminate the stairway.</p><br>
<p>After nearly five years of work on what The Times called "perhaps the biggest jigsaw puzzle in the history of architecture," dedication ceremonies for St. Marys and the National Churchill Museum were held on May 7, 1969. During the course of the ceremonies, the Rev. Anthony Tremlett, the Bishop of Dover, England, re-hallowed St. Marys as a place of worship. In 1992, the Eagle Squadrons Association named St. Mary&#39;s as its official chapel. Since that time, St. Mary, Aldermanbury has continued to serve as a focus of religious life and history.</p><br>
<h2>Winston S. Churchill: A Life of Leadership gallery</h2><br>
<p>Renovated in 2006, in honor of the 60th anniversary of the "Sinews of Peace," the Churchill museum strives to bring Churchill to life for new generations born years after Churchills death. The objective of the museum is to tell the story of Churchills life, giving due proportion both to his successes and his failures, and to let visitors make their own determinations about the man and his place in history.</p><br>
<p>This narrative is presented in the form of a "walkthrough" experience, organized chronologically. The exhibition begins with Churchills birth and proceeds through the major events of his life, alongside an examination of the critical events of the 20th century. The exhibit relates the story of Churchills entire life—not only his experiences in World War II—examining his pursuits as a politician, soldier, journalist, family man, and painter.</p><br>
<p>Some of the highlights of this exhibition include the "Admiralty, Army & Arsenal: 1914–1919" room. This portion of the exhibit is housed within a recreation of a World War I trench—complete with barbed wire, sandbags, and spent ammunition—that gives visitors a sense of a British soldiers experience on the Western Front. A periscope mounted on the trench wall gives visitors a glimpse of a real World War I battlescape from period footage. An accompanying ambient audio track plays the sound of soldiers’ conversations interspersed with distant gunfire and shell bursts. The World War I room also examines Churchills role in the disasters of the Dardanelles and Gallipoli and his contributions to the technology of warfare.</p><br>
<p>Another highlight of the exhibition is "The Gathering Storm: 1929–1939" room which discusses Churchills suspicion of Hitler and the Nazi movement. In this room, five video monitors play excerpts from Nazi propaganda films interspersed with images of the impending war, demonstrating how Nazi rhetoric differed from policy. Against this backdrop, the exhibit examines Churchills view of the Nazis and his disgust for Britain&#39;s pre-war appeasement politics.</p><br>
<p>Yet another room, "Churchills Finest Hour: World War II, 1939–1945", portrays World War II and Churchills pivotal role in that conflict. Here, a sound and light show replicates an air-raid on London during the "Blitz". Simulated rubble surrounds the room and the room reverberates with the sounds of bombs detonating and air raid sirens sounding. Flashes of anti-aircraft fire and the prodding beams of searchlights illuminate the exhibit. Segments of war-time broadcasts add to the atmosphere. After the conclusion of the Blitz demonstration, a short film, narrated by Walter Cronkite, examines Churchill&#39;s role as prime minister during the war. Around the walls of his room, more interactive displays describe the war-time skills of code breaking and plane spotting.</p><br>
<p>Other museum highlights include "The Sinews of Peace" room and the "Winstons Wit & Wisdom" room. "The Sinews of Peace" tells the story of how and why Churchill came to visit Westminster College. Featured in this exhibit are the lectern and chair used by Churchill during his speech and the ceremonial robes he wore. In "Winstons Wit & Wisdom" visitors sit in a simulated British club while listening to an audio presentation of Churchill stories. Visitors to this room may also search through a database of Churchill&#39;s most famous quotations and quips on a host of topics.</p><br>
<h2>"Breakthrough:" The National Churchill Museum Comes Full-Circle</h2><br>
<p>On November 9, 1990, Edwina Sandys, granddaughter of Winston Churchill, introduced her sculpture "Breakthrough" to the public at the National Churchill Museum. Made from eight sections of the Berlin Wall, "Breakthrough" not only serves to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall, but also to memorialize Churchills "Sinews of Peace." "I had always wanted to make a sculpture for the Churchill Memorial at Westminster," Sandys said, "and this seemed the perfect moment to do something. Friends in Berlin had come back with tiny little pieces of wall, and I thought, ‘Wouldnt it be great to make a sculpture.’ I thought I&#39;d better go straight while there was some wall left."</p><br>
<p>In 1990, with the support of Westminster College, Sandys and her husband, Richard Kaplan, had traveled to East Berlin to secure portions of the wall. Upon their arrival in Berlin, however, the couple realized the sculpture would be costly, as 4 ft-wide sections were selling for $60,000 to $200,000. Fortunately, East German officials, intrigued by the idea of an erecting a Berlin Wall monument at the location of Churchill&#39;s 1946 speech, allowed Sandys to choose eight sections of the wall as a gift to Westminster College.</p><br>
<p>Sandys chose the sections from an area near the Brandenburg Gate, frequented by artists, because of the dramatic color of the graffiti. The repeated use of the word "unwahr" ("lies" or "untruths") within the sections also appealed to her. Sandys modified the original sections by cutting out large male and female silhouettes from the wall—these cuts outs exemplified the newly-opened communication between East and West. When assembled, "Breakthrough" proved to be an enormous sculpture, roughly 11 ft high by 32 ft ft long.</p><br>
<p>One year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Sandys unveiled "Breakthrough" before a crowd of 7,000 people gathered on the campus of Westminster College. Among the gathered crowd were former President Ronald Reagan, Senator John Ashcroft, and German Minister Plenipotentiary Fritjof von Nordenskjoeld. The dedication of "Breakthrough" brought the Churchill Museum full-circle. Forty-four years after her grandfather had warned of the creation of the "iron curtain," Edwina Sandys’ sculpture commemorated the close of the Cold War.</p><br>
<h2>Following in Churchill's Footsteps: The Green & Kemper Lecture Series</h2><br>
<p>Winston Churchill is just one of many world leaders to have visited Westminster College. Since 1937, the College has played host to The John Findley Green Lectures and The Crosby Kemper Lectures. Both lectures have brought world-famous politicians, businessmen, and academicians to Westminster College, among whom Churchill was arguably the most famous lecturer and the most memorable.</p><br>
<p>The Green Lectures</p><br>
<p>The John Findley Green Foundation Lectures were established in 1936 as a memorial to John Findley Green, an attorney in St. Louis who graduated from Westminster in 1884. The foundation provides for lectures designed to promote understanding of economic and social problems of international concern. It further provides that "the speaker shall be a person of international reputation."</p><br>
<p>The Kemper Lectures</p><br>
<p>The Crosby Kemper Lecture Series was established in 1979 by a grant from the Crosby Kemper Foundation of Kansas City, Missouri. This foundation provides for lectures by authorities on British History and Sir Winston Churchill at the National Churchill Museum.</p><br>
<p>Other world leaders who have followed in Churchill&#39;s footsteps and journeyed to Westminster College include: US Presidents Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush; British Prime Ministers Edward Heath, Margaret Thatcher, and Sir John Major; Polish President Lech Wałęsa; and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.</p><br>
<p>Riverview at Hobson Grove, also known as Riverview or as Hobson House, is an historic home with classic Italianate architecture located in western Bowling Green, Kentucky. Restored as representative of the Victorian period, the house played a part in Civil War activities in the area and is the centerpiece of Hobson Grove Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Riverview at Hobson Grove was built as the home of Atwood Gaines Hobson and his wife Juliet "Julia" van Meter Hobson on a small promontory and was named because of its proximity to the Barren River. Construction on the house started in the 1850s, but was halted due to the outbreak of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Because Atwood Hobson was a staunch Union supporter and his eldest son, William, had been made a Colonel in the Union Army, the family was concerned about this property. The commanding officer of the Confederate troops, Simon Bolivar Buckner, who had fought with Atwood&#39;s brother, Edward, in the Mexican–American War, agreed to spare the partially built house. His troops built a temporary roof over the basement to use as a munitions magazine during the winter of 1861–1862, when Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Riverview was finally completed in 1872. Riverview is a classic example of Italianate architecture with arched windows, deep eaves with ornamental brackets, and a cupola. The two parlors have painted ceilings. Atwood and Juliet Hobson incorporated some unusually unique ideas for their era into this home. A copper-lined wooden collection tank in the attic, which was connected to the outside guttering, provided running water for the water closet on the second floor. Another innovation beneath the cupola is a hole in the ceiling, sometimes called an oculus, and is part of the ventilation system of the house. When the eight windows in the observatory are open and the windows and doors are open on the floors below, a vacuum is created, pulling the hot air up and out of the house, keeping the air continuously circulating. It works much as an attic fan would work in a home today.</p><br>
<p>The Hobson family and their descendants lived in the house until 1952. After a string of various successive tenants and being damaged by fire, the structure was abandoned and condemned in 1965. The city of Bowling Green purchased the property with the intent of demolishing the house and building a golf course. The house was saved when a non-profit organization, the Hobson House Association, was formed the next year, restoring the dwelling in Victorian style. The proposed golf course was built nearby and can be viewed from the hill upon which Riverview sits.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>Riverview, including the house, grounds and a museum, opened to the public for tours in 1972. Riverview is now owned and maintained by the City of Bowling Green as part of Hobson Grove Park. The non-profit organization of volunteers, the Friends of Riverview, is dedicated to preserving Riverview&#39;s historical and architectural heritage. Riverview hosts various events throughout the year including teas, luncheons, an Easter Egg Hunt, Victorian Garden and Antique Festival, Tea with Mrs. Claus, Candlelight Tours and other themed presentations and events.</p><br>
<p>Riverview is listed on numerous Civil War driving tours and Heritage Trails in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Andrew Offutt Monument in Ryder Cemetery in eastern Lebanon, Kentucky, off US-68, is a monument on the National Register of Historic Places. It honors Captain Andrew Offutt  who served as a Union officer in the 5th Kentucky Cavalry during the American Civil War, participating in General William Tecumseh Sherman&#39;s March.</p><br>
<p>The monument features a marble statue of Captain Andrew Offutt atop a granite base. Offutt is seen in Union officer uniform, wearing a kepi hat and tunic length coat, with a sword extending downward. On both sides of Offutt&#39;s grave are two other veterans of the War, one of whom was a Confederate who rode with John Hunt Morgan, Doctor W. W. Cleaver.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, the Captain Andrew Offutt Monument was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is one of the few monuments dedicated for a Union soldier/unit. In fact, except for the Union Monument in Vanceburg, it is the only one to express strong sentiment for the Union cause, and this was only reflected by the monument mentioning Offutt&#39;s actions with General William T. Sherman.</p><br>
<p>The William H. Van Epps House is a historic house in Dixon, Illinois. It is an example of Italianate architecture. and was constructed around 1855. The Van Epps House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William H. Van Epps House was constructed for William H. Van Epps c. 1855. Van Epps was an early settler, prominent in politics, agriculture, and business who arrived in Dixon in 1854 and stayed until he died in 1877. Presently, the building is occupied by an architectural firm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Van Epps House is an example of Italianate architecture, one of several in Dixon. The rectangular house with projecting octagonal bays has seen some alterations both interior and exterior, though the front facade is largely unchanged. Around 1900 a rear addition was added and in 1926 the building was converted from a single-family dwelling to four apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Van Epps House is an outstanding example of Italianate architecture. The house&#39;s location, on the Lee County Courthouse Square, helps contribute to the historical character of the neighborhood through its high visibility and unique architectural features. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Shō River has its source in Mount Eboshi  in the Shōkawa-chō area of Takayama, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. After flowing for 115 km through the northern part of Gifu Prefecture and the western part of Toyama Prefecture, it empties into Toyama Bay.</p><br>
<h2>River communities</h2><br>
<p>The river passes through or forms the boundary of the communities listed below. The area through which the river flows in Gifu is referred to as Shirakawa-gō, while the area in Toyama is referred to as Gokayama. Both areas are UNESCO World Heritage Sites because of their gasshō-zukuri houses.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>The river is extensively developed for water storage, flood control and hydroelectric power generation. There are 16 major dams in the basin, seven of them are on tributaries. The major dams collectively have an installed power generation capacity of 926 MW. Six other small hydroelectric plants total 30.6 MW in installed capacity. The 22 hydroelectric power stations in the Shō River basin have an installed capacity of 956.6 MW. The 16 major dams are listed below in order from downstream to upstream.</p><br>
<p>Toyama</p><br>
<p>Wadagawa Dam – 21 m tall gravity dam, 7.4 MW (on the tributary Wadagawa River in Tonami)</p><br>
<p>Shogawa Goguchi Dam – 18.5 m tall gravity dam, 23.4 MW</p><br>
<p>Komaki Dam – 79.2 m tall gravity dam, 90.2 MW</p><br>
<p>Toga Dam – 31 m tall gravity dam, 17.6 MW (on the tributary Togagawa River)</p><br>
<p>Soyama Dam – 73.2 m tall gravity dam, 128.1 MW</p><br>
<p>Senzoku Dam – 33.5 m tall gravity dam, 32.7 MW (on the tributary Togagawa River)</p><br>
<p>Togagawa Dam – 37 m tall gravity dam, 16.1 MW (on the tributary Togagawa River)</p><br>
<p>Ohara Dam – 52 m tall gravity dam, 97.6 MW</p><br>
<p>Akao Dam – 29.2 m tall gravity dam, 34 MW</p><br>
<p>Toyama/Gifu:</p><br>
<p>Narude Dam – 53.2 m tall gravity dam, 97 MW</p><br>
<p>Gifu:</p><br>
<p>Sakaigawa Dam – 115 m tall gravity dam, 27 MW (on the tributary Sakaigawa River)</p><br>
<p>Tsubawara Dam – 68.2 m tall gravity dam, 107 MW</p><br>
<p>Hatogaya Dam – 63.2 m tall gravity dam, 43 MW</p><br>
<p>Oshirakawa Dam – 95 m tall rock-fill dam, 66.3 MW (on the tributary Oshirakawa River)</p><br>
<p>Miboro Dam – 131 m tall rock-fill dam, 256 MW</p><br>
<p>Okurodani Dam – 34 m tall rock-fill dam, 21.2 MW (on the tributary Okurodani River)</p><br>
<p>The USA Grant Hotel is a historic hotel in downtown San Diego, California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is 11 stories high and has 270 guest rooms in addition to meeting rooms and a ballroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built by Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., son of president Ulysses S. Grant, who named the hotel after his father. Grant bought the Horton House Hotel and demolished it to construct the current hotel. Noted architect Harrison Albright designed the hotel. San Diego voters helped finance $700,000 for the $1.5 million needed to construct the hotel after Grant lacked the funds to do so. The hotel opened on October 15, 1910 and included two swimming pools as well as a ballroom on the top floor.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s signature restaurant is the Grant Grill, which opened in 1952. It became a power-lunch spot for downtown businessmen and politicians, so much so that "ladies" were not permitted in the restaurant before 3 PM. In 1969 a group of prominent local women staged a sit-in which resulted in the restaurant abandoning its men-only policy.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was refurbished in the 1980s, but fell upon hard times in the subsequent decade due to a financial slump. The hotel changed hands several times during the 1990s. In 2003, the hotel was purchased by the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation, who closed the doors for 21 months to renovate the building. It reopened in October 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Grant Hotel was, for nearly 35 years, until 1974, the site of the annual reunion dinner of the "Great White Fleet Association," a group of sailors who sailed on the cruise of 16 white battleships from 1907-09. These dinners attracted a wide range of military officials and guests from all over the world.</p><br>
<p>The inaugural San Diego Comic-Con International, which was then called "San Diego’s Golden State Comic-Con", was held at the USA Grant Hotel in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Guests</h2><br>
<p>Famous guests have included Albert Einstein, Woodrow Wilson and 12 additional United States Presidents. The hotel includes three presidential suites that have been tailored to Secret Service requirements for accommodating presidential visits.</p><br>
<p>The Loren L. Chadwick Cottages are two cottages in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, in the Linden Hills neighborhood situated roughly south of Lake Calhoun and northwest of Lake Harriet. This area of Minneapolis was platted in 1882-83 as "Cottage City" by a local real estate developer, Louis F. Menage. He platted small lots of 25 ft wide, as opposed to the normal lot width of 40 ft, in an effort to attract people who wanted to build summer lake cottages.</p><br>
<p>Loren L. Chadwick built these two cottages in 1902 at a cost of $300 each. They were small, measuring 16 ft by 30 ft, and had screened porches to take advantage of summer breezes from the nearby lakes. The two cottages were rented out as summer homes for more than a decade before they were bought by individual owners. In 1972, a new owner joined the two cottages with an addition on the rear. The cottages were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. They are significant because although their design is simple, their survival demonstrates a good example of cottage architecture in Minneapolis. Despite their simplicity, the cottages have Carpenter Gothic detailing on the vergeboards of their gable and porch roofs.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 19, now the site of a Buffalo Wild Wings, and the architectural firm Station 19 Architects in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States is centered in the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis campus. The former Fire Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1893 in an era when Minneapolis was growing rapidly. Rapid development was bringing prosperity to Minneapolis, but it was also starting to tax the city&#39;s infrastructure. Residents and businesses on the east bank of the Mississippi River were demanding better fire protection, especially after the fire that consumed the University of Minnesota Old Main building in 1892 along with some grain elevators nearby. Fire Station No. 19 was built in a simple utilitarian style , yet it contained some touches of ornamentation. It was built with a bell tower that was later removed. The fire station was one of the last to house horse-drawn equipment, as late as 1922. A newer Fire Station 19 was occupied in 1976 one block to the south.</p><br>
<p>Besides its role as a firehouse, Historic Fire Station No. 19 was also the birthplace of kittenball, a variant of softball. Louis Rober, a lieutenant at the fire station between 1896 and 1906, adapted the rules of baseball to create a game that would use less space, time, and equipment than a regular baseball game. He created the game so firefighters could get exercise while waiting for a fire alarm. Early teams included the "Kittens" of Engine Company 19, "Rats" of Engine Company 9, "Whales" of Engine Company 4, "Salisburys" from a mattress factory, "Pillsburys" from nearby flour mills, and the "Central Avenues". By 1906, more than 20 teams were playing in summer leagues.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired in 1977 by local architects who turned the building into offices under the name Station 19 Architects. The firm primarily creates designs for churches in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>There was some concern in the mid-2000s decade that the University of Minnesota would have the structure demolished to make way for rearranged roads leading to and from the then-unbuilt TCF Bank Stadium. The university made offers to purchase the property into early 2006, and the building owners worried that the property would be seized through eminent domain. However, the roads were eventually routed around the building, making it the only structure on a small island across from the stadium.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore W. Richards House is a National Historic Landmark at 15 Follen Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1900, it was the home until his death of Theodore William Richards , the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Richards was a leading experimental chemist of his day, measuring  the atomic weights of a large number of elements. He was also responsible for the growth of Harvard University&#39;s graduate chemistry program to one of the finest in the nation. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Richards House was nominally designed by Warren, Smith & Biscoe of Boston, but Richards made specific demands in the design. It is a two story structure, using steel beams as its principal supports, one of Richards&#39; requests. The ground floor exterior walls consist of five courses of brick, with seaweed sandwiched between the courses in a bid to provide improved insulation to the structure. The second floor of the house is clad in shingles. The main facade is three bays wide, with a symmetrical appearance. The main entry is accessed by a walk lined with brick walls the join to the house walls. The entry, recessed into the brick wall, is flanked by sidelight windows. The outside of the recess is framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and a segmented-arch pediment. Above the entrance is a Palladian window, which rises into an eyebrow gable on the modillioned roofline. The first-floor bays flanking the entry are both projecting polygonal bays with four sash windows, and there are paired sash windows above them on the second floor. Two decoratively corbelled chimneys pierce the roof. The house interior follows a typical central-hall plan.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Richards was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1868, educated at home, and then at Haverford College and Harvard University, where he received his PhD in chemistry in 1888. From an early time he was interested in the question of atomic weights, a subject that he would study for most of his professional career. After his graduation he became an instructor at Harvard, eventually gaining promotion to full professor in 1901. He successfully recalculated the atomic weights of a number of chemical elements, developing methodology and apparatus along the way. Richards became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914, in recognition for this work. Richards&#39; teaching was equally important, as he trained new generations of chemists in the practices and methods he used. Harvard established an honorary chemistry professorship in his name in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Richards&#39; house, occupied by him until his death in 1928, and his widow until hers in 1941,</p><br>
<p>The Nathan and Mary  Johnson properties are a National Historic Landmark at 17-19 and 21 Seventh Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Originally two structures, one dating to the 1820s and an 1857 house joined with the older one shortly after construction. They have since been restored and now house the New Bedford Historical Society. The two properties are significant for their association with leading members of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts, and as the only surviving residence in New Bedford  of Frederick Douglass. Nathan and Polly Johnson were free African-Americans who are known to have sheltered escaped slaves using the Underground Railroad from 1822 on. Both were also successful in local business; Nathan as a and Polly as a confectioner.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson properties consist of two buildings, one built as a residence, the other as a Quaker meetinghouse. The meetinghouse, at 17-19 Seventh Street, is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, six bays wide, with a gable roof, and rests on a brick foundation. Built in 1785, it originally stood where the present brick meetinghouse stands, and was moved when the new one was built c. 1823. This building was purchased by Nathan Johnson in 1832 and converted to residential use. Its main entrance is via a pair of doors inside an enclosed porch that projects on the east side (front) of the main block. A two-story ell extends to the west (rear) of the building. The building&#39;s interior has woodwork dating to the early 19th century, including a staircase with elaborately turned newel posts. One noteworthy feature of the interior is a trapdoor in the attic, which leads to a large space between the attic and the high ceilings of the first floor. This space has long been theorized to house fugitive slaves, but no evidence has been uncovered to support the idea.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson House, at 21 Seventh Street, appears to be composed of two separate structures which have been joined together. The front block is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a front-gable roof, and rests on a high brick foundation. It has some Greek Revival styling, including corner pilasters and gable returns, but its entrance porch is a later Victorian style. The entry is an eight-panel door, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom. A basement entrance stands below the center bay of the house. Windows are rectangular sash on the first two levels and at the basement level, and there are a pair of round-arch Italianate windows in the attic level. This block appears to have been built in 1857, when Polly Johnson (in Nathan&#39;s absence) sought permission to move the original older house to the back of the lot. The rear ell, estimated to have been built about 1800, is a two story structure with a steeply pitched roof. A c. 1970s shed-roof addition further extends the house to the west (rear).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathan Johnson was born a free person of color in Philadelphia, and married Mary ("Polly") Durfee of New Bedford in 1819. The couple were in the employ of Charles Waln Morgan, a prominent whaling captain, as domestic servants in the 1820s, and were soon involved in the abolitionist cause. By 1845 the Johnsons had enough success in business that they owned the lot including these two buildings and an adjacent one (then numbered 23 Seventh Street, but no longer standing) which they used as a shop. In the 1850s Johnson was one of the wealthiest African Americans in the city. He was politically active in both organizations of African Americans and those involved in the abolitionist cause. Since New Bedford was a busy port doing business with southern states, it was a regular target for fleeing slaves, and Johnson is documented to have sheltered fugitives in his properties. He most famously gave shelter to Frederick Douglass, the escaped slave who credits Johnson with giving him the last name by which he is now widely known. Although Douglass lived only a short time at Johnson&#39;s home, it is the only one of his three residences in New Bedford to survive.</p><br>
<p>The house at 21 Seventh Street is now the home of the New Bedford Historical Society, and is open for tours by appointment. The two properties were designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The properties are also contributing elements to the local County Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Farm is a National Historic Landmark at 116 Mower Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built c. 1810, it was the home for most of their married life of Abby Kelley Foster  and Stephen Symonds Foster , early vocal abolitionists and women&#39;s rights activists. The Fosters used their house as a shelter on the Underground Railroad, and famously refused to pay taxes on the property because Abby was unable to vote. The property, a private residence not open to the public, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Farm is a 2-1/2 story Federal style brick house, built around 1810, and now stands in a suburban area of western Worcester, Massachusetts. Its main block is five bays wide, with a center entry sheltered by a portico supported by Doric columns. The doorway is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight. A wood-frame addition extends to the right of the main block, and another extends to the rear; these were apparently added in the early 20th century. The interior of the main house has been well-preserved, and has particularly elegant fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>Abby Kelley Foster was born in Pelham, Massachusetts, raised in the Quaker faith, and first became a teacher at a Quaker school in Lynn, Massachusetts. By the 1830s she became active in the local anti-slavery society, and began speaking in favor the immediate emancipation of slaves. In 1838 she left her teaching position and dedicated herself to the causes of ending slavery and achieving womens suffrage. She became a close friend of William Lloyd Garrison, one of the leaders of the antislavery movement. In 1840 she was elected to the executive committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society, over the objections of conservative members who disapproved of women in leadership roles. She traveled widely across the northern United States, speaking out against slavery and on behalf of womens rights.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Symonds Foster had grown up in New Hampshire, and had also become involved in the antislavery cause, working with Garrison. The two met sometime in the early 1840s, and were married in 1845. Both remained forceful activists for their cause, but had to curtail their activity when their only child was born in 1847. This was the same year they purchase Liberty Farm.</p><br>
<p>The Fosters ran what was described as one of the most prosperous farms in the area, but also used the property to further their political activities. They sheltered escaping slaves as a station on the Underground Railroad, and refused to pay taxes on the property because Abby could not vote. This latter form of civil disobedience resulted in the property by sold at tax auctions on several occasions; however, it was also purchased by their supporters and given back to them. The Foster lived at Liberty Farm until Stephen&#39;s death in 1881, after which Abby lived with her sister in Worcester.</p><br>
<p>The William Rotch Jr. House, now the Rotch–Jones–Duff House and Garden Museum, is a National Historic Landmark at 396 County Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in the United States. The three families whose names are attached to it were all closely tied to the city&#39;s nineteenth-century dominance of the whaling industry. Because of this, the house is part of the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>Richard Upjohn built the house in the Greek Revival architectural style for William Rotch Jr. in 1834, on a New Bedford plot Rotch had inherited from his father. It was Upjohn&#39;s first house, near the beginning of a long career. Rotch also commissioned a garden in the rear, which later owners would significantly expand. The property remained private until 1981, when it was bought by local preservationists and reopened as a historic house museum. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Today the museum educates visitors not only about whaling but, through its gardens and associated programs for local schools, about the environment as well.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a one-acre (4,000 m²) block of New Bedford, between County, Madison, Joli Gonsalves and Seventh streets, in the middle of the County Street Historic District, where its wealthy citizens built their mansions in the 19th century. It is a three-by-five-bay two-story yellow building with a front porch and balustraded balcony on either end and several tall chimneys emerging from the roof. Inside, many of the original mahogany doors and their walnut veneers remain. The cornerblocks and baseboards have elliptical echinus profiles of the kind commonly found in many Greek Revival interiors. The window muntins have a beaded knife blade profile and the plaster ceiling cornices and medallions also have finely carved ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>A circular driveway leads up to the house, set back a mere 40 ft from the street to allow for outbuildings and the property&#39;s garden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Rotch, William&#39;s grandfather, had been one of the early settlers in New Bedford when the town began to grow in the 1760s. He had realized, along with Joseph Russell, a major area landowner, that the town was well-positioned to become a whaling center, potentially surpassing even Nantucket, then the center of the industry in the colonies. Unlike the island, it had a deep harbor where ocean-going vessels could come directly to port and unload their harvest.</p><br>
<p>Despite some setbacks during the Revolution and War of 1812, the citys whaling fleet kept growing and by the late 1820s had begun catching up to Nantuckets. Ship captains and owners grew wealthy and built themselves homes in the County Street area. "Nowhere in all America", Herman Melville later wrote in Moby-Dick, "will you find more patrician-like houses; parks and gardens more opulent, than in New Bedford... all these brave houses and flowery gardens..." The Rotches, who practiced vertical integration and had interests at every step of the whaling process, grew very wealthy.</p><br>
<p>Josephs son William died in 1828 and left his own son, William Jr., the plot on which the present house was built. Three years later the deed was formally transferred to the younger man, who had already distinguished himself in New Bedfords civic life by helping to found banks and schools, As a founder of the New Bedford Horticultural Society, he began the specimen garden in the back of the property.</p><br>
<p>By 1851, New Bedford had completely displaced Nantucket as the center of American whaling. In that year, Edward Coffin Jones, a Nantucket native who had moved to New Bedford and become a successful ship owner, bought the house for $17,000. The Joneses expanded the garden, adding the pergola, a common Victorian touch. One of his daughters, Amelia Hickling Jones, lived there for the next 85 years, becoming a major civic benefactor as the city transitioned from whaling to textiles as the mainstay of its economy. With no heirs, the property was put up for sale when she died in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Mark Duff, a descendant of one of New Bedford&#39;s whaling families that had expanded into other businesses, bought it the following year. Under the direction of Boston landscape architect Mrs. John Coolidge, they redecorated it extensively and planted 7,000 tulip bulbs in the garden, as well as adding landscaping, walkways and ornamental ponds.</p><br>
<p>The Duff family decided to sell the house in 1981, and it was bought by the Waterfront Historic Area LeaguE (WHALE), a local historic preservation group that had been instrumental in restoring, protecting and establishing the nearby New Bedford Historic District, a National Historic Landmark (NHL). WHALEs goal was to save it from commercial development and turn the house and garden into a museum, which it opened in 1983. In 1996 it became the only city property outside of the New Bedford Historic District to be included as part of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, and in 2005 the house and garden were themselves designated an NHL, as a legacy of New Bedfords whaling supremacy, an outstanding example of a Greek Revival house, and the first house built by Upjohn.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum and garden are open daily (except major holidays) year-round. Admission is charged except for the second Thursday evening of every month except January, when it is free.</p><br>
<p>Several educational programs are available, using the house and gardens to teach students in grades 4-6 about botany, beekeeping and whaling, with teacher support material available online. High school and college students may work as interns. The grounds and gardens are also available for weddings, wedding photos and other ceremonies or occasions.</p><br>
<p>The Dorothy Quincy Homestead is a US National Historic Landmark at 34 Butler Road in Quincy, Massachusetts. The house was originally built by Edmund Quincy II in 1686 who had an extensive property upon which there were multiple buildings. Today, the site consists of the Dorothy Quincy Homestead, which has been preserved as a museum and is open occasionally to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Quincy family was one of the leading families of Massachusetts in from the 17th century to the 19th century. Descendants included several prominent Edmund Quincys and Josiah Quincys, and John Quincy Adams by virtue of his mother, American First Lady Abigail Adams. They settled in what is now Quincy in the 1630s.</p><br>
<p>The present Homestead was initially built by Edmund Quincy II. It became a meeting place for many American Revolutionary War patriots such as John Adams, Colonel John Quincy, and John Hancock. It was the childhood home of the first First Lady of Massachusetts, Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott, wife of John Hancock.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and operated by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in a public-private partnership. In 1904, when the property was threatened by encroaching urban development, a citizen drive was established to save the mansion. Led by the Massachusetts Colonial Dames and Charles Francis Adams, Jr., the grandson of President John Quincy Adams, Quincy residents raised funds to assist the Dames in purchasing the estate and creating a distinctive house museum. Looking to the long-term protection and presentation of the property, the Colonial Dames then negotiated a sale-leaseback agreement with the Commonwealth, whereby the Commonwealth accepted responsibility for capital improvements and the exterior preservation of the house, and the Dames agreed to maintain the interior of the home, to beautify it with period furniture and decorative arts, and to interpret its history to the public. This relationship has continued for over a century.</p><br>
<p>Since 2005, the Dorothy Quincy Homestead has undergone a comprehensive exterior renovation to restore this stately historic building to its former grandeur. The project has included painting the structure, re-glazing the windows, and other major improvements.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. Little Inc., Building is a National Historic Landmark at 30 Memorial Drive</p><br>
<p>in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The building was constructed in 1917 for the Arthur D. Little Company alongside the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. Little Company was founded in 1886 by Arthur Dehon Little, and was originally located on Milk Street in Boston. The three story brick building on Memorial Drive was constructed by the company to meet increasing demand for laboratory space, and is an architecturally unexceptional commercial structure. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark for its association with the Little company, the first business to be established as a consulting laboratory in the nation. Prior to its founding, individual businesses established their own research laboratories to make technological innovations. Little, and his partner William H. Walker, were among the first academically oriented researchers to create a consulting laboratory whose services could be hired by businesses. At first focused on the chemistry of cellulose and its uses in textiles and paper, the company was by 1909 the largest consulting industrial laboratory in the nation, and worked a wide array of research disciplines. Little was an early advocate of the importance of technological innovation, recognizing its importance in maintaining commercial success. He ran the company until is death in 1935, and willed his shares to MIT.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Parsonage  is a historic house at 16 Pleasant Street in Natick, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its association with Horatio Alger , a well-known writer of popular juvenile fiction.</p><br>
<p>The 2-1/2 story wood frame house is believed to have been built in the 1820s by Oliver Bacon. The main facade is five bays wide, with a single-story porch that extends for most of its width. The porch is supported by four square columns, with an entablature with round-arch connections to the posts. The center entry has sidelight windows. The right (southeast) side of the house has a single-story projecting bay window, and a two-story ell with garage projects from the north rear of the house, creating an L shape.</p><br>
<p>Horatio Alger was a prolific writer of somewhat formulaic upbeat rags-to-riches stories aimed primarily at boys. His works were immensely popular, but were not highly regarded by critics. Alger lived in New York City, but spent his summers at this house, where is father, parson to the Eliot Church, lived. The house had been purchased from Oliver Bacon by H. H. Hunnewell, specifically to support the elder Alger. The younger Alger was a regular visitor to the house between 1866 and 1877, and then again from 1879 until 1898, when he moved into the house. He died at his sister&#39;s house in Natick in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971,</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk County Courthouse is a National Historic Landmark at 650 High Street in Dedham, Massachusetts. It currently houses the Norfolk County Superior Court. It is significant as a well-preserved Greek Revival courthouse of the 1820s, and as the site a century later of the famous Sacco-Vanzetti trial. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the courthouse was built in 1827 by a noted Boston builder, Solomon Willard. It was a basic rectangular granite-walled structure, with Greek-temple porticos at either end. In 1863 the building was enlarged, adding wings to the left and right of the north (main) facade, which are ornamented with corner pilasters, and were done with sensitivity to the original design. A dome was also added at that time; it would be replaced during further enlargements in the 1890s. Following plans developed by Gridley Bryant, the building was enlarged to its present H-shaped configuration, adding wings to the southern facade that matched those added in 1863 to the north. The 1863 dome was replaced at that time with the present one, and the interior of the building was given a decorative treatment with Greek motifs.</p><br>
<p>In May 1920 two Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested for a robbery that had taken place in South Braintree on April 20. In a highly charged trial which took place in this building, the two men proclaimed their innocence, and their leftist political views became a major element of the case. The two men were convicted and sentenced to death, causing an international outcry. After six years of legal wrangling, the two men were electrocuted in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The building has been relatively little altered since the time of the trial. Its most notable change is the removal from the courtroom of the cages that held the prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The General Benjamin Lincoln House is a National Historic Landmark at 181 North Street in Hingham, Massachusetts, United States. It was the birthplace and principal residence of Continental Army Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a well-respected military leader of the American Revolutionary War. The house has portions that are said to date to the 1630s, with significant additions made principally during the 18th century, possibly making it one of the nation&#39;s oldest wood frame buildings. The last major modifications to the house were probably undertaken by General Lincoln in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The house remains, as of 2009, in the hands of Lincoln family descendants, and is not normally open to the public. Changes to the interior and exterior are authorized only in consultation with Historic New England, a major regional historic preservation society.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<p>Like many early American houses, the Benjamin Lincoln House has gone through a number of phases, and the dates of work on the house are at times uncertain. Family history places the initial construction of part of the house as early as 1637, by Thomas Lincoln "the cooper" (so designated to differentiate him from numerous other Thomas Lincolns who also settled in Hingham), although there is no visible architectural evidence to support this assertion. What is certain is that circa 1715 the house acquired an L-shaped appearance, and was expanded by General Lincoln in the late 18th century to its present configuration. A porch that was added in the late 19th century was removed in 1937, and represents the only significant alteration to the house since General Lincoln&#39;s time.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 Lincoln family descendants negotiated a preservation restriction agreement with Historic New England, a regional historic preservation society, to protect the interior and exterior character of the house. Exterior changes to the property are also restricted by the houses presence as a contributing property to Hinghams Lincoln Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln House stands a short way west of Hingham&#39;s central business district, just west of a triangular park formed at the junction of North and Lincoln Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, seven bays wide, with a side gable roof, two interior chimneys, and clapboard siding, and rests on a granite foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Benjamin Lincoln</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Lincoln was born in the house in 1733. He was active in local politics, and held positions of leadership in the militia of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He became a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, in which he surrendered American forces at the Siege of Charleston in 1780, and was present at the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781.</p><br>
<p>General Lincoln then served as Secretary at War before returning to Massachusetts in 1783. He was then active in Massachusetts politics and military, leading militia that suppressed Shays&#39; Rebellion in 1787, and served one term as lieutenant governor in 1788. He was for many years thereafter the federal collector at the Port of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Locusts, also known as the Peter Eltinge House, is a 19th-century brick Federal style house built in 1826 located on Plains Road in the Town of New Paltz, New York, United States, two miles  south of the village of New Paltz. It was once the center of a large farm. The house and several outbuildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well-preserved examples of that style in Ulster County.</p><br>
<p>When built, it marked a significant departure from the New Paltz areas previous styles, which tended toward stone houses in vernacular styles used by the areas Belgian Huguenot settlers. It has seen many modifications since then, but still remains true to its original concept. The Eltinge family has owned the house continuously as part of its 250-year ownership of the land.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is a rectangular, -story structure with five bays. The foundation is built of coursed stone; most of the rest of the house is brick.</p><br>
<p>A fanlight surmounts the six-panel door at the main entrance in the middle of the first story. The main entrance, fronted by a porch, leads into a central hallway. Another entrance, set in a brick surround, is located in the stone rear facade, offset slightly into the second-westerly of the rear facade&#39;s four bays. The windows all have shutters, paneled on the first floor but louvered on the upper stories. Stone was used for the lintels there as well. A bracketed cornice, added later, marks the line of a gabled asphalt-shingled roof.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance leads to a 12 foot (4 m) wide central hallway, with a finely crafted decorative archway separating the reception area from the staircase. The second floor is similarly laid out. Unusually for the era, none of the rooms have fireplaces. Instead, heating was provided by stoves, many of which remain, with their own chimney outlets. Much of the original flooring, trim and Dutch doors with wrought iron fixtures remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land where the house now stands was originally part of a 3,000 acre land grant to Noah Eltinge and Nathaniel LaFever from King George II as a reward for their service in the French and Indian War. The two divided it equally, and Noah added it to a large tract he inherited from his father. He built the first house on it, a stone structure near the site of the present one, in 1748.</p><br>
<p>He bequeathed it to his daughter and her husband upon his death 30 years later, and in turn it passed to their daughters. In 1806 the slave quarters were built. In 1826 the original house burned down. The new house, the current one, was left to Peter Eltinge and his family. Its brick style was a significant departure from its predecessor and many other since-demolished houses in the area; some of the vernacular elements of the Huguenot-style stone houses found on Huguenot Street in New Paltz and elsewhere remain. The date stone from the original house is located near the front door.</p><br>
<p>Eltinge&#39;s seven children divided the property upon his death in 1842. By this time the original farm was down to 175 acre. The brackets were added around 1880, along with a well house and horse block. In the early 20th century the Colonial Revival front porch was added.</p><br>
<p>The farm continued to decline, and by the 1930s 30 Eltinge heirs had a claim to the property. It was bought in 1932 by one of them, Isabella Bush, who installed a furnace, electricity and modern plumbing in it. At the time it was added to the National Register in 1996, one of her descendants, Robert Eltinge Lasher, was still living there with his wife.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing resources</h2><br>
<p>There are four other contributing resources included with the property. Three are extant structures, including two outbuildings, and one is the site of the original stone house.</p><br>
<p>The small two-by-two-bay -story stone building to the east was built to house slaves in 1806. Edmund Eltinge converted it to tenant farmer housing in 1817. In the mid-19th century a frame addition was built and the Greek Revival cornice with partial returns was also added.</p><br>
<p>To the north is a small spring house. Wood in the first story, otherwise made of stone, suggests it was constructed in the early 19th century; the frame second story was added at the end of that century. A ca.-1800 horse block is also among the outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Robert Lasher also describes a clapboard outhouse he and his siblings knew as the "Lilac House", from the surrounding bushes, from his childhood visits in the 1920s. It is no longer extant, although the bushes remain.</p><br>
<p>The original house site is visible as a small depression in the lawn to the immediate south of the current house. While a number of artifacts have been recovered from this site, there have been no formal archaeological excavations. It is believed that such investigations, if undertaken, could yield considerable information about the first 80 years of the property&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Nauset Archaeological District  is a National Historic Landmark District in Eastham, Massachusetts. Located within the southern portion of the Cape Cod National Seashore, this area was the location of substantial ancient settlements since at least 4,000 BC.</p><br>
<p>The first written account of this area was by Samuel de Champlain in 1605, in which he described sailing into a bay surrounded by the wigwams of the Nauset tribe (see map, right). The account detailed the settlements crops (e.g. corn, beans, squash, tobacco), housing (round wigwams covered with thatched reeds), and clothing (woven from grasses, hemp, and animal skins). De Champlains map also depicts one of their fishing methods, using a conical weir constructed of saplings and grass rope, designed to capture fish swimming from the marsh into a pond. To farm the land, they used stone hoes and fire-hardened wood tools. About 150 people were living at the site around Nauset Harbor, and about 500-600 were living around Stage Harbor to the south in the area of present-day Chatham. Archaeological studies have since shown that these settlements were occupied year-round.</p><br>
<p>After 1620, English colonists from the settlement at Plymouth visited Nauset many times to buy food and trade. In addition to goods for trade, however, the Europeans also unwittingly introduced diseases, for which the Nauset people had no immunity. Many of them died as a result, and their population declined drastically. In 1639 about half of the English from Plymouth relocated to the Nauset area, settling the town that is now Eastham.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The area can be visited via the Fort Hill area of the Cape Cod National Seashore, off U. S. Route 6, where the Fort Hill and Red Maple Swamp trails wind from the top of the hill to the marsh and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The New Bedford Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States, west of the community&#39;s waterfront. During the 19th century, when the city was the center of the American whaling industry, this was its downtown. After its decline in the early and mid-20th century, through the efforts of local activist groups the district has since been preserved and restored to appear much as it was during that period.</p><br>
<p>Most of its buildings were erected between 1790 and 1855 by Russell Warren and other builders working in the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles. Many of them reflect the legacy of whaling in the city&#39;s development. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Later it was recognized as a local historic district and protected by local zoning. One building within it, the USA Customhouse, is the oldest such facility currently in use and has been independently recognized as an NHL. Since 1996 the district has also been a part of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Front Street on the east, Elm Street on the north, Acushnet Avenue and the Central New Bedford Historic District on the west, and Commercial Street on the south. This area includes 11 city blocks and part of a twelfth. On these 19.6 acres (7.9 ha) are 20 buildings, mostly historic but with some modern intrusions, mainly parking lots, a gas station and newer additions to the New Bedford Whaling Museum. Cobblestone paving and gas lamps have been added since the historic district was designated, in order to recreate the neighborhood&#39;s 19th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>Just east of the district is the John F. Kennedy Expressway (MA 18),</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Rise as whaling center</h3><br>
<p>New Bedfords potential as a whaling port was seen by Joseph Rotch, who moved to the recently settled area in 1765. He and Joseph Russell, a local landowner who is generally regarded as the citys founder, saw that it had a deep harbor that could receive seagoing vessels at docks. Nantucket, then the center of the American whaling industry, did not. Rotch and Russell attracted shipbuilders to the area, and soon one of their ships, the Dartmouth, sailed from the city&#39;s docks. In 1767, it carried the first load of New Bedford whale oil to London. By the time of the Revolution, there were 50 ships in the local fleet.</p><br>
<p>In 1778, the British Army burned the city in retaliation for the acts of local privateers. The fire destroyed 34 ships, 76 shops, 26 storehouses and 11 homes. After independence, the city concentrated on rebuilding its major industry, and in 1791, the Rebecca set sail, becoming the first American whaler to harvest oil from the Pacific. Two decades later, the War of 1812 again took a toll on the industry, which recovered again and by 1823, New Bedfords fleet equalled Nantuckets in tonnage. Four years later the citys whaling industry had surpassed the islands in barrels produced.</p><br>
<p>As the city prospered in the following years, much of the historic district was built. In the 1830s, Robert Mills designed the USA Customhouse, where whaling captains filed necessary paperwork and paid their tariffs and duties. Joseph Rotchs grandson William, by then a wealthy man, built his mansion, now the Rotch-Jones-Duff House and Garden Museum, further inland. The Seamens Bethel, built in 1832, became the traditional spot for sailors religious services before departing for the deep oceans, such as the one described in Herman Melvilles classic 1851 novel Moby-Dick, which begins in New Bedford.</p><br>
<p>By 1840, New Bedford, connected to the growing railroad network, had displaced Nantucket as the country&#39;s top whaling port. The streets grew busier and the houses grander. Early in Moby-Dick, Melville, who had lived there a decade earlier, describes the city at the height of its prosperity:</p><br>
<p>The New Bedford Institute for Savings (NBIS), now used as the National Park Services visitors center, was built in 1853.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and historic preservation era</h3><br>
<p>The whaling industry peaked in 1857, when New Bedford accounted for half the USA fleet. Growing competition from the new petroleum industry, and the impact of the Civil War, ensured that it would not recover as it had in the past. The Bethel was rebuilt after an 1867 fire, with a new exterior and an added tower. The NBIS building became a local courthouse, and the center of commercial activity in New Bedford moved west, where it has remained, as textiles became the city&#39;s dominant industry. The whaling museum was established in one of the old buildings in 1907. But ships lost at sea were not replaced as they had been before, and in 1927, the John R. Mantra made the last whaling voyage from the city and the last in American history.</p><br>
<p>Some of the old whaling buildings were torn down to make way for new construction in the 20th century, or deteriorated. But the customs house remained in use, as did many of the buildings in its neighborhood. In the mid-1950s director John Huston came to town with Gregory Peck to film a scene from his adaptation of Moby-Dick in front of the Seamen&#39;s Bethel. Although it was the only scene in the film actually shot in the city, it sparked a resurgence of tourist interest when it was released.</p><br>
<p>Citizens of New Bedford became interested in preserving and protecting the remnants of the city&#39;s whaling past. They formed the Waterfront Historic Area League (WHALE) in 1962.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the waterfront area was among the earliest National Historic Landmarks designated by the Secretary of the Interior. Five years later, in 1971, WHALE succeeded in getting today&#39;s historic district designated as the Bedford Landing Waterfront Historic District. The city later enacted zoning regulations to preserve its character.</p><br>
<p>Thirty years later, Congress passed legislation creating New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, commemorating the citys past. It included the entire historic district within its boundaries, and the park service chose the old NBIS building as its visitors center. In 2008, WHALE turned over the neighboring Corson Building, built 1875-84, to the Park Service, which it had renovated after a 1997 fire. Plans call for it to be used for educational purposes related to the park, with a 60-seat theater, archival space, seminar room, and similar features.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Several of the district&#39;s properties are notable. Two have been added to the National Register in their own right, and one has further been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Mariners Home. The oldest building in the district, this Federal style stone structure dates to 1790. It was originally built as William Rotchs home, and moved to its present location from William and North Water streets.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Rodman Candlehouse. This stone (later stucco) structure dates to 1810. One of the oldest commercial buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Seamens Bethel. White clapboard church first built in 1832 and mentioned (as Whalemens Chapel) by Melville in Moby-Dick. Redesigned and expanded after 1867 fire.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics Bank and Merchants Bank Building. Warren-designed bank building along North Water Street with Ionic columns in facade was first Greek Revival commercial building in district in 1831.</p><br>
<p>USA Customhouse. Robert Mills-designed Greek Revival public building opened in 1836. Still in use by USA Customs and Border Protection as a port of entry, and has been designated a National Historic Landmark in its own right.</p><br>
<p>Old Third District Courthouse. Warren-built sandstone Greek Revival building opened in 1853 on opposite corner from Customhouse as New Bedford Institute for Savings.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The City of New Bedford maintains the historic character of the district through its zoning, a condition of the state historic-district designation.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument in Danville, located between Centre College and the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Main and College Streets in Danville, Kentucky&#39;s McDowell Park, is a monument dedicated to the Confederate States of America that is on the National Register of Historic Places. The monument was dedicated in 1910 by the surviving veterans of the Confederacy of Boyle County, Kentucky and the Kate Morrison Breckinridge Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>The monument consists of a granite pedestal and a marble statue resting thereon. The marble figure depicts Captain Robert D. Logan, who actually came from Lincoln County, Kentucky, but lived after the War in Boyle County. Captain Logan served under John Hunt Morgan in the 6th Kentucky Cavalrys Company A, and was captured after Morgans Raid in Cheshire, Ohio on July 20, 1863, and spent much of the War afterwards in prison camps, particularly the Ohio State Penitentiary. He died on June 25, 1896, fourteen years before the construction of the monument. The granite pedestal is twelve feet tall, and uses pairs of Doric columns to decorate it. The main inscription reads: C. S. A. 1861 - 1865 What They Were the Whole World Knows.</p><br>
<p>Danvilles participation in the War was limited. The courthouse served as a hospital for Union forces after the Battle of Perryville. On October 11, Confederate forces retreated through the city with a Union force behind them. Danville was also the birthplace of Theodore OHara, whose Bivouac of the Dead would be a popular poem placed in various cemeteries for the War&#39;s dead.</p><br>
<p>After the War, many citizens of Danville gave up their eventual burial spots to form a Confederate cemetery in 1868, with 66 fallen Confederate soldiers reinterred there. This cemetery adjoins the Danville National Cemetery (1862) that was reserved for former Union troops.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Monument in Danville was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. Three other monuments on the MPS are also in Boyle County, all of which commemorate the Battle of Perryville. These are the Confederate Monument in Perryville and Union Monument in Perryville, both by the visitor center at Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site, and the Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville, located in a nearby private cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The George R. Minot House is a National Historic Landmark at 71 Sears Road in Brookline, Massachusetts. It is an architecturally undistinguished vernacular Colonial Revival brick house, probably built in the 1920s. The 2-1/2 story main block has an attached 1-1/2 story ell, and two end chimneys. The hip roof is pierced by gabled dormers, and a pedimented portico shelters the front entry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house is significant as the home of Dr. George R. Minot (1885–1950), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 for discovering a cure for pernicious anemia. Minot had a long history of interest in anemia, and performed his groundbreaking research while chief of medical services at Boston&#39;s Collis Huntington Memorial Hospital in the 1920s. He continued research on blood-related diseases at the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory of Boston City Hospital until his retirement in 1948. He died in 1950 from complications associated with diabetes mellitus, which afflicted him in 1921 and might have killed him soon thereafter, had insulin not been discovered the following year. Minot was also a full professor at Harvard Medical School, and was the first American to receive the Moxon Medal from the Royal College of Physicians. Some of his students went on to continue research in blood-related diseases based on his research methods, and the American Medical Association established a lecture series in his honor.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Grose River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Grose River rises from north east of Mount Victoria within the Blue Mountains National Park, and flows through the Grose Valley and parts of the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site, generally north, southeast, then east, joined by four tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Hawkesbury River west of Agnes Banks. The river descends 952 m over its 54 km course.</p><br>
<p>Hiking is a popular activity and the best access method to the Grose River in its upper reaches. There are several well maintained walks that follow scenic sections of the river valley. One of the most popular is through the Blue Gum Forest, located at the junction of the Grose River and Govetts Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in September 1793 in honour of Lieutenant Governor Francis Grose.</p><br>
<p>The Grose River subcatchment is located in the Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment. Over 80% of the subcatchment is reserved as part of Blue Mountains National Park. The tough heart of the Grose Valley and the early interest in preserving the area for its natural and recreational values have substantially limited disturbances. Major impacts from residential areas and industry have been confined to the ridges bordering the catchment. The Aboriginal sites and relics recorded from the area contribute to an understanding of Aboriginal lifestyles and occupation of the sandstone plateaus around Sydney.</p><br>
<h2>Grose Valley</h2><br>
<p>The Grose Valley is a rugged valley, formed by the Grose River, the headwaters of which are in the Mount Victoria area. The valley is located between the Great Western Highway and Bells Line of Road, the two major routes across the Blue Mountains. The majority of the valley falls within the Blue Mountains National Park. The valley is popular for bushwalking and contains extensive wilderness areas. The river flows to the Nepean-Hawkesbury through an undisturbed environment for all but its final 5 km. Consequently, the Grose has substantial wild river values, as do its major tributaries such as Wentworth Creek and Carmarthen Brook. The river is known habitat for platypus and certain hanging swamps provide habitat for the endangered and endemic Blue Mountains water skink (Eulamprus leuraensis). The rocky sandstone complexes of the plateau provide habitat for some specialised and rare native animal species (e.g. the broad-headed snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides). Woodland communities are habitat for mammals such as the red-necked swamp wallaby, brush-tailed rock wallaby and eastern pygmy possum.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Sterling is a historic church in Sterling, Illinois, United States. The church was built in 1897 and 1898 and is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 15, 1896 it was announced that the Congregationalists in Sterling were set to construct a new church. Later that year, on July 1, it was reported in the local Sterling Gazette that an architect&#39;s design had been selected and that the church would cost a total of US$15,000. In the end the building cost US$25,000 to erect. Construction was completed between 1897&ndash;98.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed of red Portage sandstone and is located in the heart of downtown Sterling. The church&#39;s square tower rises 100 ft into the air and dominates the structure. The building also features some of the most elaborate stained glass fenestration in Sterling. In fact, it has been reported that locals sometimes knew the building only as "the church with the windows". The auditorium is semi-circular and octagonal in shape.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Sterling was designed by architect Wesley Arnold in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and built by builder P.J. Van Horne. The building has several elements of the style including: heavy sandstone foundation which contrasts with smooth and rough faced brick, wide round arches over rows of windows, and the buildings two towers. The building is laid out in what was known as the "Akron Plan". The Akron Plan for church buildings was popularized by architectural pattern books and featured a semi-circular auditorium surrounded by segmented Sunday school classrooms on one or two floors.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is significant for its architecture as a local example of a Richardsonian Romanesque religious building. It is the only church of its kind in all of Whiteside County. The church is also locally significant as a religious institution. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places November 7, 1995.</p><br>
